Inglese scientifico (vaccini, sistema respiratorio, abstract, termini tecnici)

Exercise Tips

6. Stand up on your toes

7. Lift your legs while sitting on a chair

8. Use a step or stairs

9. Raise your hands

10. Twist your body against a flat wall

11. Stand up and sit down while moving your arms

b) Stretch up and down the arms (good for circulation) / stretch and back and twist

c) Use 2 bottles of water for weight open and close the arms

d) Press against a flat wall

e) Walk short repetitive distances

f) Using the back of a chair or sofa

g) While sitting lift each leg

h) Using stairs or a small step

4) What is the most efficient way to breathe?

Using the diaphragm. Usually people with chest problems start to use the top of their chest and the tiny muscles of their neck. Muscles tire and this is an inefficient way of breathing. Instead they need to practice to use the diaphragm.

MASKS: also known as an air-entrainment mask, is a medical device to deliver a known oxygen concentration to patients on controlled oxygen therapy

WHICH IS THE PROCEDURE?

1. SELECT THE VENTURI VALVE ACCORDING TO THE PRESCRIBED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION

2. [Procedure goes here]

ATTACH THE VALVE TO THE MUSK3. ATTACH ONE SIDE OF THE TUBE TO THE VALVE SPIGOT AND THE OTHERSIDE TOTHE FLOW METER Pag. 164. SET THE FLOW METER TO THE LEVEL OF THE VALVE5. PLACE THE MASK OVER THE PATIENT'S NOSE AND MOUTH6. TIGHTEN THE MASK WITH THE ELASTIC AND PITCH THE NOSE CLIP

1. How much moderate exercise should the average adult do each week?5 times a week, each session should last 30 minutes
2. When the average person is not active, they breathe about 15 times a minute. During exercise, this increases to around 40-60 times a minute. When you exercise your muscles work harder, so your body uses more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing has to increase from about 15 times a minute when you are resting, up to about 40– 60 times a minute during exercise
3. What does PM, as in PM2.5, stand for? Particulate matter (PM) is a type of pollutant that is a mixture of solid and liquid particles of different sizes. PM affects more people

than any other pollutant. It can come from both natural and manmade sources, and can have a range of impacts on your health.

4) If you want to go for a run or bike ride on a hot summer day, when should you go if you want to avoid the highest pollution levels? Pollution levels tend to be lowest during mornings, especially in the summer. Therefore, if you are exercising outdoors, it is best to do this earlier in the day.

What does PM, as in PM2.5, stand for? 1) Quit smoking 2) do exercise 3) adjust your diet /rich in vitamins, proteins and nutrients 4) Drink a lot of water (up to 6-8 glasses of water per day) 5) Monitor the quality of air that you breathe (pollutants) 6) avoid second-hand smoke 7) Perform breathing exercise.

6) Why is smoking so bad for your lungs? Smoking is bad because cigarettes contain 7.000 harmful chemicals. Smoke causes your lungs to decrease in size and develop a dark pigmentation. Smoke can cause inflammation that is why smokers often suffer from asthma, chest pain, COPD, emphysema.

shortness of breath, pneumonia and cancer. 7) Do you have to monitor the quality of air indoor and outdoor? Yes because indoor there are also pollutants, such as chemicals, second-hand smoke, 8) Is breathing exercise beneficial for your lungs ? Of course, the diaphragm plays a major role. It is important to know that diaphragm naturally starts to work less as we age; therefore it is crucial to perform breathing exercises. Belly breathing or diaphragmatic breathing can be used to strengthen the diaphragm and increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the lung. 9) Can your workplace affect your breathing? Of course, due to the presence of many pollutants, chemicals and foreign substances in places like factories, farms, ceramic workshops, hospitals etc. DIALOGUE BETWEEN DOCTOR AND PATIENT - ILLNESS AND MEDICINE DOCTOR - PZ What can I do for you today? I have been having these headaches just behind my eyes. PATIENT - How long have you been having them? DOCTOR - For about a week now. They aren't constant. They come.

andgo but they are very painful

Do you have a fever? No, I don't think so

Any respiratory symptoms? how do you mean? forexample, you have a blocked nose, a sore throat, a cough or anything like that? No, nothing like that

Is this the first time you've had a problem like this? as far as I can remember yeah,

Ok, please sit on the bed over here I need to check your pulse and blood pressure. I also need to check your lymph nodes to see if they are swollen

WHICH ARE THE QUESTIONS ASKED BY THE DOCTOR

you have a fever? Do you?

Do you have a cough?

Do you have a sore throat?

How long have you been feeling about this?

Is this the first time you've had a problem like this?

How severe is the pain?

WHICH ARE THE ANSWERS GIVEN BY THE PATIENT DO DESCRIBE HIS SYMPTOMS?

I've been having some stomach problems

I've been having lots of problems getting to sleep

I've had this cough for a week now

for more stable symptoms use the I have a swelling in my right knee

I have this rash on my arm

some checks TALKING ABOUT SYMPTOMS WHAT DOES THE DOCTOR HAVE TODO? COUGH (cof): tosse take the pulse check/take blood SORE THROAT: gola infiammata pressure/ listen to the heart beat or FEVER: febbre breathing using a stethoscope RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS like blocked nose, cough, sore throat Suggest further treatment and prescribe medicines Prescribe SWALLEN LYMPH: linfonodi gonfi medicine and give advice RASH (reesch) ON MY ARM: irritazione (diverso da RUSH rash cioè di fretta) PRESCRIBING MEDICINE AND GIVING ADVICE WHAT DOES THE DOCTOR ASK AND PRESCRIBE? Are you taking any medication currently ? No, nothing any allergies? No, I am going to prescribe you some painkillers take one as soon as you feel your headaches starting if you are still in pain after an hour, take a second one . Don't take more than two pills in four hours, or more than 6 pills in a 24-hour period ok also don't drink alcohol or take any other inflammatory while you are taking these WHAT DOES THE DOCTOR SUGGEST? Youshould also make sure you get enough sleep, get hydrated and avoid stress if possible. Do I have to pay for the prescription? You pay a seven-pound prescription fee. I am giving you enough pills to last four weeks, so you should have enough. Pag. 18 DOC: “Take one pill and after one hour, if you are still in pain, take a second one. Don’t take more than two pills in 4 hours or more than six in a 24-hour period. Also, don’t drink alcohol.” PZ: “Can’t you do some more tests?” DOC: “If you still have the same problem in 2 weeks, then we’ll need to investigate. You should also make sure you get enough sleep, stay hydrated, and avoid stress if possible. After you have your prescription, you can collect your medicine from a take pharmacy. They will surely give you advice on how to take your medicine: one pill every twelve hours, make sure you take pills with food, avoid alcohol or they might not be as effective, make sure you get enough sleep, stay hydrated, avoid stress if possible."

PRESCRIPTION is used for medication that doctor feels is necessary for patient

RECOMMENDATIONS are a series of action that doctor feels will be helpful for patient

In England for prescription you pay 7 pund, for every medication. At drug store (chemist’shop) they doesn’t give you a packet but a buttle and they put in the number of pills that the doctor prescribes.

OVER THE COUNTER = medicinali da banco, you get it without prescription

PILLS IN BOTTLE = medication with prescription

PAINKILLERS: antidolorifico paracetamol (parasetamol) and ibuprofen (aibiuprofen)

LABEL: etichetta

SIDE EFFECTS: effetti collaterali (make you tired, you go to the washroom)

In Italy when you go to the doctor, he write a prescription and you don't have to pay; with that you can go to the pharmacy and buying drugs

In UK if you have a medical insurance (assicurazione medica) you don't pay medication

COM'È FATTA PRESCRIPTION

2 part: the left half (green) is for Pharmacist

and the right part is for you.

CURRENT PRESCRIPTION: drug that you have to take

NHS: it identify you, you will need it for requesting repeat

QUANTITY OF DRUG:

REVIEW DATE: in this date you need to be review by doctor

HOW HEALTH CARE SYSTEM WORK:

If you don't have an insurance you can go to a public hospital but you might have to wait for a long time to see the doctor and before you get any treatments. The public health system is congested so people have to wait weeks or months for treatments.

Instead, if you have insurance you could go to a private clinic or GP, where an appointment normally costs 40 or 50 euros. For further treatments, it depends on what you need. If you are uninsured it'll be more expensive.

ENDORPHINS: the words come from ENDO (inside) + MORPHINE (a drug to reduce pain)

Endorphins are opioid peptides produced by the body. They are natural pain relievers. They are produced by the hypothalamus during intense exercise, physical pain, sex, listening to music, laughter, and eating chocolate.

That is the reason when the people are depressed the doctors recommended to do exercise. However they can't pass the blood-brain barrier but a different apioid peptides are synthesized by the brain and could be the cause of euphoria. In a recent experiment with a scan before and after running, they discovered that there was an increase in opioid release in runner's brain, that are enkephalin that attacch to nerve cells with receptor: their presence seems to block the pain with a sense of pleasure. So endorphins and enkephalin are family members of opioid peptides and they are "internal made drug". Dopo un lungo periodo di esercizio aerobico, alcune persone sperimentano quello che è noto come "sballo del corridore": una sensazione di euforia unita a una ridotta ansia e una ridotta capacità di provare dolore. Per decenni, gli scienziati hanno associato questo fenomeno a un aumento del livello nel sangue di β-endorfine, peptidi oppioidi che siritienemigliorino l'umore. Ora, i ricercatori tedeschi hanno dimostrato che il sistema endocannabinoide del cervello, lo stesso influenzato dal Δ9-tetraidrocannabinolo (THC) della marijuana, può anche svolgere un ruolo nel produrre l'effetto del corridore, almeno nei topi (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, DOI: 10.1072 / pnas.1514996112). I ricercatori hanno scoperto che il sistema endocannabinoide potrebbe essere coinvolto perché hanno osservato che le endorfine non possono passare attraverso la barriera emato-encefalica. D'altra parte, un endocannabinoide liposolubile chiamato anandamide, che si trova anche ad alti livelli nel sangue delle persone dopo la co