Inglese scientifico (vaccini, sistema respiratorio, abstract, termini tecnici)

\INGLESE

Vaccines

 Tipi pag.

o 3

Somministration pag.

o 6

Respiratory system

 pag. 9-10

Sound of lungs pag.

o 11

ARDS e mechanical ventilation

o pag. 12-14

NIV pag. 15

o Esercizio – ambiente – fumo pag.

o 16

Dialogo dottore – pz

 pag. 17-18

Endorphins

 pag. 19

Endorphins or endocannabinoids?

o Pag. 20

Abstract

 pag. 21

Come scriverlo

o pag. 22

Templete pag.

o 23-24 Pag. 1

INGLESE

Health: salute

Health professionals: professionisti sanitari

3 groups: They work in

nurse

- provide treatment, support and care services

 HEALTHCARE FACILITIES

for people who are in need of nursing care due (strutture sanitarie)

to the effects of ageing, injury, illness. As hospital, clinics,

physiotherapist

- hospices, nursing home

- technicians of prevention environmental

 care, ambulatory care,

and occupational health and hygiene professionals private care, polyclinic,

emergency medical service

or ASL (local healt unit)

care: prendersi cura

tare care: miraccomando

care service: servizi di assistenza

GMP (General medical practitioner): medico di base

Who is a nurse? He is a clinician, leader, innavator, collaborator,

advocate

Edge: bordo del tavolo

Border: confine, bordeline: al fine di vita

Hope: sperare

Mean: intendere/voler dire non pensavo di disturbarti: I didn’t mean to



disturb you

Think: pensare

look at: guarda me!

look for me: cercami

look after: prendersi cura di

look forward + to + V.ing: non vedere l’ora di … Pag. 2

VACCINES

All vaccines Covid 19 being developed aim to produce immunity to the SARS-

CoV-2 Virus by stimulating and immune response to an antigen, usually the

characteristic SPIKE protein found on the surface of the virus

WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE :

some traditional vaccines achieve this by modifying the virus to weaken or

disable it . So when introduced to the body an immune response can be

generated to the antigen without the virus causing disease. When the immune

system comes into contact with the weakened virus, its defenses such as

antibodies and T-cells attack the virus or infected cells . In the process

specialized cells take note of the specific antigen and prime the immune

system to produce cells and antibodies that will quickly target these proteins.

so the next time that person is exposed to the virus the immune system is

ready to fight it off

PROTEIN SUBUNIT VACCINE :

instead of using the whole virus, another way to trigger immunity involves

using just fragments of it, like the spike proteins. These subunit vaccines have

the advantage of being relatively easy and cheap to produce and are incapable

of causing disease because these fragments are not able to infect host cells .

However they are less likely to be recognized by immune cells aimed at

attaching infected cells, which means they may trigger a weaker immune

response.Because of this, subunit vaccines often include chemical agents

called adjuvants which are designed to stimulate a stronger immune response

and booster shots may also be required.

Not all vaccines are designed to introduce antigens to the body. Some work by

using cells in a patient's body to produce the antigens themselves. Examples

include VIRAL VECTOR VACCINES and mRNA VACCINES.

In both cases the goal is to get a short fragment of genetic code taken from the

target pathogen. In this case the SARS -COV-2 VIRUS that causes Covid 19 ,

into the patient's cells, by hijacking the cellular mechanism. These kinds of

vaccines mimic the way viruses normally reproduce during natural infection.

But rather than creating copies of the virus the cells only produce large

amounts of antigen that then usually trigger a strong immune response.

(COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca

VIRAL VECTOR VACCINES )

Viral vector vaccines achieve this by inserting the genetic code for the antigen

into a harmless virus which effectively acts like a delivery system to get the

code into the cells without causing disease. Vector -based vaccines can be

complex to develop but they can trigger strong immune responses without the

need of adjuvants and in theory one type of vector can be used to deliver code

for a range of different antigens which can speed up vaccine development.

NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE Pfizer mRNABNT162b2

Nucleic acid vaccine, like mRNA ( ) DNA vaccines also

involve inserting genetic code into cells to produce antigens but instead of

using viruses to deliver the code these vaccines take a more direct approach

that involves inserting the code directly into cells either by attaching it to a

molecule or by forcing it into cells by using a "gene gun"

These vaccines can be cheap and quick to develop but they are a relatively

new technology Pag. 3

A mixture of different approaches may be needed

Tutti i vaccini Covid 19 in fase di sviluppo mirano a produrre immunità al virus

SARS-CoV-2 stimolando e la risposta immunitaria a un antigene, di solito la

caratteristica proteina SPIKE che si trova sulla superficie del virus

VACCINO VIRUS INTERO:

alcuni vaccini tradizionali ottengono questo risultato modificando il virus per

indebolirlo o disabilitarlo. Quindi, quando viene introdotto nel corpo, può essere

generata una risposta immunitaria all'antigene senza che il virus causi la

malattia. Quando il sistema immunitario entra in contatto con il virus

indebolito, le sue difese come gli anticorpi e le cellule T attaccano il virus o le

cellule infette. Nel processo le cellule specializzate prendono nota dell'antigene

specifico e preparano il sistema immunitario a produrre cellule e anticorpi che

prenderanno rapidamente di mira queste proteine. così la prossima volta che

quella persona è esposta al virus, il sistema immunitario è pronto a

combatterlo

VACCINO SOTTOUNITÀ PROTEICA:

invece di utilizzare l'intero virus, un altro modo per attivare l'immunità consiste

nell'utilizzare solo frammenti di esso, come le proteine spike. Questi vaccini a

subunità hanno il vantaggio di essere relativamente facili ed economici da

produrre e non sono in grado di provocare malattie perché questi frammenti

non sono in grado di infettare le cellule ospiti. Tuttavia è meno probabile che

vengano riconosciuti dalle cellule immunitarie che mirano ad attaccare le

cellule infette, il che significa che possono innescare una risposta immunitaria

più debole.Per questo motivo, i vaccini a subunità spesso includono agenti

chimici chiamati adiuvanti che sono progettati per stimolare una risposta

immunitaria e un richiamo più forti potrebbero essere necessari anche colpi.

Non tutti i vaccini sono progettati per introdurre antigeni nel corpo. Alcuni

lavorano utilizzando le cellule nel corpo di un paziente per produrre gli antigeni

stessi. Gli esempi includono VACCINI VETTORIALI VIRALI e VACCINI DI

mRNA.

In entrambi i casi l'obiettivo è ottenere un breve frammento di codice genetico

prelevato dal patogeno bersaglio. In questo caso il VIRUS SARS -COV-2 che

provoca il Covid 19, nelle cellule del paziente, dirottando il meccanismo

cellulare. Questi tipi di vaccini imitano il modo in cui i virus si riproducono

normalmente durante l'infezione naturale. Ma invece di creare copie del virus,

le cellule producono solo grandi quantità di antigene che di solito innescano

una forte risposta immunitaria.

VACCINI VIRALI (Vaccino COVID-19 AstraZeneca)

I vaccini virali vettoriali ottengono questo risultato inserendo il codice genetico

dell'antigene in un virus innocuo che agisce efficacemente come un sistema di

rilascio per far entrare il codice nelle cellule senza causare malattie. I vaccini a

base di vettore possono essere complessi da sviluppare, ma possono innescare

forti risposte immunitarie senza la necessità di adiuvanti e in teoria un tipo di

vettore può essere utilizzato per fornire il codice per una gamma di antigeni

diversi che possono accelerare lo sviluppo del vaccino. Pag. 4

VACCINO ACIDO NUCLEICO

I vaccini contro l'acido nucleico, come i vaccini a DNA mRNA (Pfizer

mRNABNT162b2) comportano anche l'inserimento di un codice genetico nelle

cellule per produrre antigeni, ma invece di utilizzare i virus per fornire il codice,

questi vaccini adottano un approccio più diretto che prevede l'inserimento del

codice direttamente nelle cellule attaccandolo a una molecola o forzandola

nelle cellule usando una "pistola genetica"

Questi vaccini possono essere economici e rapidi da sviluppare, ma sono una

tecnologia relativamente nuova

Potrebbe essere necessaria una combinazione di approcci diversi.

COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca is used to prevent coronavirus disease

2019 (COVID-19) in people from 18 years of age. It has been designed to

prepare the immune system to identify and combat the coronavirus SARS-CoV-

2 causing COVID-19.

The vaccine is made up of a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1 -

Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1) that is unable to replicate and that

has been modified to contain the genetic information for producing

the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

The viral vector technology used for this vaccine has already been successfully

tested and has been employed in the prevention of other diseases.

QUESTIONS

WHAT ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF VACCINES?

1. WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE, PROTEIN SUBUNIT VACCINE, VIRAL VECTOR

VACCINES AND NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE

WHAT IS A WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE?

2.

some traditional vaccines achieve this by modifying the virus to weaken or

disable it . So when introduced to the body an immune response can be

generated to the antigen without the virus causing disease. When the

immune system comes into contact with the weakened virus, its defenses

such as antibodies and T-cells attack the virus or infected cells . In the

process specialized cells take note of the specific antigen and prime the immune

system to produce cells and antibodies that will quickly target these proteins. so the

next time that person is exposed to the virus the immune system is ready to fight it

off WHAT IS A PROTEIN SUBUNIT VACCINE?

3)

instead of using the whole virus, another way to trigger immunity involves using just

fragments of it, like the spike proteins. These subunit vaccines have the advantage

of being relatively easy and cheap to produce and are incapable of causing disease

because these fragments are not able to infect host cells . However they are less

likely to be recognized by immune cells aimed at attaching infected cells, which

means they may trigger a weaker immune response.Because of this, subunit

vaccines often include chemical agents called adjuvants which are designed to

stimulate a stronger immune response and booster shots may also be required.

WHAT ARE VIRAL VECTOR VACCINES AND mRNA VACCINES?

3)

They work by using cells in a patient's body to produce the antigens themselves.

The goal is to get a short fragment of genetic code taken from the target pathogen.

In this case the SARS -COV-2 VIRUS that causes Covid 19 , into the patient's cells, by

hijacking the cellular mechanism. These kinds of vaccines mimic the way viruses

Pag. 5

normally reproduce during natural infection. But rather than creating copies of the

virus the cells only produce large amounts of antigen that then usually trigger a

COME SOMMINISTRARE UN VACCINO

First, a few basic facts about the vaccine Pfizer:

The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine comes as a frozen suspension in a

multidose vial, each containing 6 doses of vaccine after dilution.

It is administered in two doses, which are given at a recommended interval of

21 to 28 days. The route of administration is an intramuscular injection in the

upper arm.

In clinical studies, the vaccine given in two doses was shown to be 95%

effective across all participants, including those at risk of severe COVID-19.

What is different about this vaccine, compared to other routine vaccines?

First of all, it has different cold chain requirements, so it must be thawed before

using; the steps of preparation are slightly different; and it can currently be

administered to people who are 16 years of age and older, without an upper

age limit.

Let us first talk about how to thaw and prepare the vaccine for administration.

During transport and storage, the vaccine will be kept in ultra-cold chain

conditions, in temperatures between -60°C to -90°C.

THAWING (toving) - scongelamento

Therefore, before being administered to vaccine recipients, the Pfizer-BioNTech

vaccine needs to be thawed, brought to room temperature, and then

diluted. Vials may be thawed by moving them to a vaccine refrigerator, where

they will be stored at temperatures between 2° to 8° Celsius. At these

temperatures, vials will thaw out in less than 3 hours. Once undiluted vials are

in a vaccine refrigerator, and kept between 2° to 8° Celsius, they can stay

there safely for up to 5 days.

For more rapid use, vials may also be thawed for 30 minutes at room

temperature, up to 30°C. Whatever thawing method is used, you must make

sure vials are at room temperature before being diluted. You may keep the

undiluted vaccine at room temperature for no more than 2 hours, at the most.

Vials that have been thawed should never be returned to a freezer and

refrozen.

While the vials are in storage or in use, minimize any exposure to light. Avoid

exposure to direct sun or ultraviolet light.

As you can tell, this undiluted vaccine has very specific storage requirements,

and it can only be unfrozen for a limited amount of time. Pag. 6

That is why it is so important that you plan ahead carefully for its use, so you

can avoid any wastage. Only take it out of cold storage if you plan to dilute the

vaccine within two hours, and only remove the number of vials you will need

for the vaccination session.

DILUTION (dailuscion)– diluizione

When the vaccine has reached room temperature, and the vial is not cold to

the touch, it is ready to be diluted. First, i