Inglese - Appunti di Inglese

Formatting Guidelines

TITLE: briefly states what the article is about. A concise statement, which summarizes the main topic of the paper and identifies the actual variables or theoretical issues under investigation and the relationship between them. A running title, a short title which does not exceed about 50 characters including spaces, is also included in the paper. Title enhancements are terms added to the source title that clarify, add meaning or supply search access points.

AUTHORS: states the name of the author/authors and the institution where the investigation was conducted. Affiliation and address of author/authors for correspondence is given.

ABSTRACT: brief, comprehensive summary or description of the essential contents of the article. A good abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent and readable. An abstract should describe in 100 to 120 words the following:

• the problem under investigation;
• the subjects, specifying pertinent characteristics,

as number, type, age and sex;

the experimental method, including the apparatus, data-gathering procedures, complete testnames and complete generic names and dosage of any drugs;

the findings, including statistical significance levels;

the conclusions and implications of applications.

An abstract is a shortened version of the paper and should contain all the information necessary for the reader to determinate:

what the objectives of the study were;

how the study was done;

what results were obtained;

the significance of the results.

KEY WORDS: up to 5 descriptive words, proposed by the authors divided by commas or semicolons. The key words assist in the indexing the journal under which the article could be indexed using terns from the Index Medicus (Medical Subject Headings). The terms supplied by the author(s) may act as descriptive terms for inclusion in a search that is intended to retrieve an article.

INTRODUCTION: establishes the context for the research, the area in

which the research takes place, the research problem, the importance of the research and the guiding question or hypothesis. The introduction addresses the specific problem under study and describes the research strategy. A clear introduction should:

• explain the point of the study or the problem being investigated;
• explain how the hypothesis and experimental design relate to the problem;
• explain the theoretical implications of the study and how it relates to previous work in the area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: describes the research procedure. The method section describes in detail how the study was conducted. Such a description enables the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of the methods and the reliability and the validity of the results. It also permits experienced investigators to replicate the study. It is conventional and expedient to divide this section into:

• participants: this subsection reports major demographic characteristics, such as sex and age. Appropriate

Identification of research participants is critical, particularly for assessing the results, generalizing the findings, and making comparisons in replications, literature reviews, or secondary data analysis.

Apparatus: This subsection explains the experiment's design, including the number and types of animals, quantities and concentration of chemicals, and essential conditions such as heat/cold, agitation, or other stimuli. It also describes the apparatus or materials used and their function in the experiment. Specialized equipment obtained from a commercial supplier is identified by the model number of the equipment and the supplier's name and location.

Procedure: This subsection on procedures summarizes each step in the execution of the research. It includes the instructions to the participants, the formation of groups, the specific experimental manipulation, randomization, counterbalancing, assay protocol, and other control features.

RESULTS: Reports the outcome of the research procedure.

Summary: This section summarizes the data collected and their statistical treatment. The main results or findings are first reported and then the data in sufficient detail is reported to justify the conclusions. This section also includes tables and graphs.

Discussion: This section interprets the results, explaining them and comparing them to the results of other experiments. This section evaluates the results and interprets their implications with respect to the original hypothesis.

Conclusions: This section focuses on the importance of the research and its contribution to the larger area of study. This section emphasizes the theoretical consequences of the results and the validity of the discussion.

References: This section lists the sources used in the article. This section, also called literature cited, provides an alphabetical listing of all the published work cited in the text of the paper. For papers published in journals provide the date, title, journal name, volume number, and page number. For books provide the publication date, title,

Publisher and Place of Publication: [Insert publisher name] [Insert place of publication]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Thanks to those who helped with the experiment or made important contributions, such as discussing the protocol and/or commenting on the manuscript. This section is optional.

20/03/2003

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

• An abbreviation or acronym is used only if the full expression is excessively long or if the abbreviation is well known to all researchers in the discipline.
• The first time an abbreviation or an acronym is used, define it in parentheses.
• The following well-known Latin abbreviations are used within parentheses: that is (i.e. = idest), for example (e.g. = exemplit gratia), and so on (etc.), namely (viz.) and compare (cf.), whereas vs. (versus) and et ol. (and others) are used both inside and outside parentheses without being defined.
• Use a period only if the last letter of the abbreviation is not the last letter of the word.
• Note the lack of periods in acronyms and the lack of apostrophes in their plurals.
• Use no

periods or spaces in abbreviations of countries.

Use the following System International (SI) abbreviations for units of measurement:

• Meter M
• Millisecond Ms
• Gram G
• Minute M
• Male Mol
• Hour H
• Liter L
• Day D
• Milliliter Ml
• Week Wk
• Degree °C °F
• Year Y

Never add "s" to the above abbreviations.

CITATION AND ARTICLE COUNTS

Citation and article counts are important indicators of how frequently current researchers are using individual journals. By tabulating and aggregating citation and article counts, the JCR (Journal of Citation Reports) offers a unique perspective for journal evaluation and comparison.

Citation Counts are a formal acknowledgement of previously published scientific research porpoise and are recognized as units of influence or impact on technological development.

Total Citation or total cites indicate the total numbers of times that each journal has been cited by all journals included in the ISI database within the current product year.

Article Counts or current

Articles are the number of articles published in a journal DATABASE and SOURCE DATA.

Database is a continuously updated electronic file of related information, usually focused on a particular subject or discipline.

The Source Data table details the number of articles published in the current year by the journal, the total number of references contained in those articles and the average number of references per article.

The Source Data Listing shows both the ratio of cited references to all articles published by the journal and gives the average number of references in each "non review" (original research) and review article.

Review articles are often more highly cited than original research articles.

Articles are named as "reviews" if:

• they have more than 100 references,
• they appear in review publications or review section of Journals,
• they have the word Review or Overview in their titles,
• they summary states that the article is a review or a survey.

IMPACT

FACTOR

The journal impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The impact factor is important in the evaluation of the relative importance of a journal in comparison to others in the same field. The impact factor is the number of current citations to articles published in a specific journal in a two-year period divided by the total number of articles published in the same journal in the corresponding two-year period.

PEER REVIEW

Peer review is the process by which an article is evaluated for acceptance or rejection for publication in a journal. Only a scientist's peers in a particular field of study are considered to be valid critics of the worthiness of the manuscript for publication.

24/03/2003

DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORY

• chief complaint (CC);
• history of present illness (HPI);
• review of systems (ROS);
• past, family and/or social history (PFSH).

CHIEF COMPLAINT (CC).

The CC is a concise statement.

Describing the symptom, problem, condition, diagnosis, physician recommended return, usually stated in the patient's words. The medical record should clearly reflect the chief complaint.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS (HPI)

The HPI is a chronological description of the development of the patient's present illness from the first symptom or from the previous encounter to the present. It includes the following elements:

• Location
• Quality
• Severity
• Duration
• Timing
• Context
• Modifying factors
• Associated signs and symptoms

REVIEW OF SYSTEM (ROS)

A ROS is an inventory of body systems obtained through a series of questions seeking to identify signs and/or symptoms which the patient may be experiencing or has experienced.

PAST, FAMILY AND/OR SOCIAL HISTORY (PFSH)

The PFSH consists of a review of three areas:

• Past history (the patient's past experience with illnesses, operations, injuries, and treatments)
• Family history (a review of medical events in the patient's family)
• Social history (information about the patient's lifestyle, occupation, and social habits)

is the patient's family, including diseases which may be hereditary or place the patient at risk);

social history (an age appropriate review of past and current activities). 25/03/2003

MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING.

General consideration.

The objectives of an effective interview are:

• objectivity-validity;
• precision-words are the basic measurement of measurement in an interview. The data obtained is good only if the meaning of the words used is understood.
• Reproducibility-the history obtained by one interviewer should be equivalent to that obtained by another. The contents of a medical interview can be divided into two equally important parts:

- PHYSICIAN CENTERED INTERVIEW

BIOMEDICAL MODEL.

The physician-centered interview allows the physician to gather the necessary data for a biomedical focus on the disease framework throug