Anteprima
Vedrai una selezione di 13 pagine su 58
fonologia inglese Pag. 1 fonologia inglese Pag. 2
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 6
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 11
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 16
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 21
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 26
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 31
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 36
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 41
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 46
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 51
Anteprima di 13 pagg. su 58.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica
fonologia inglese Pag. 56
1 su 58
D/illustrazione/soddisfatti o rimborsati
Disdici quando
vuoi
Acquista con carta
o PayPal
Scarica i documenti
tutte le volte che vuoi
Estratto del documento

LONG VOWELS:

/i:/ as in "beat", "mean" and "peace"

/ɜ:/ as in "bird", "fern" and "purse"

see hesitation: "er"

/ɑ:/ as in "card", "half" and "pass"

/ɔ:/ as in "board", "torn" and "horse"

/u:/ as in "food", "soon" and "lose"

LONG VOWELS and Rhoticity

Rhoticity /r/ FOLLOWED BY VOWEL SOUND

Rhoticity explained

British RP: phoneme /r/ occurs ONLY before vowels.

It does NOT occur at the end of the word when pronounced in isolation (CF) = Citation Form

Very often, /r/ in the spelling followed by a consonant sound is replaced by a long vowel or a Schwa:

/kɑ:/ car

/evə/ ever

/vɜ:s/ verse

Minimal pairs

Minimal pairs differ only by one phoneme:

sit - set - sat

kit - cat - cot - caught (the spelling may be very different)

Diphthongs in RP

They consist in a movement or glide from one vowel to

When you pronounce a diphthong, the first part is much longer and stronger than the second part. The total number of diphthongs is 8, even though /ʊə/ is increasingly rare. They can be divided into two types: centring (gliding towards /ə/) and closing (gliding towards /ɪ/ and /ʊ/).

Diphthongs are pronounced rapidly and without interruption. They are the 5 closing diphthongs with the Schwa added to them.

What is an accent?

  • NOT a dialect: dialect includes vocabulary and grammar
  • A person's DISTINCTIVE pronunciation which originates in a combination of features:
    • Region
    • Social background
    • Educational history
    • Ethnic or religious affiliation
    • Personal aspirations
  • No two people have exactly the same accent, it's like fingerprints, on a grander scale (Crystal: 17)
  • An accent is born with us.
  • Children copy their parents' accents, or accommodate to them.
  • It gets more difficult as we grow up (some consider it impossible).
below for explanations)● Commonly associated with the working class in London and theSouth-East of England● Often seen as a marker of identity and belonging to a particularregion or social groupRP (Received Pronunciation)● Also known as BBC English or the Queen's English● Traditionally associated with the upper class and educated speakers● Considered the standard accent of English in the UK● Features include non-rhoticity (dropping the "r" sound at the end ofwords), the use of the long "a" sound in words like "bath" and "dance",and the pronunciation of the "th" sound as a dental fricative (as in"think" and "that")Cockney● Associated with the working class in the East End of London● Features include the use of rhyming slang, the pronunciation of the"th" sound as a dental fricative, and the use of glottal stops (as in"butter" pronounced as "bu'er")● Often seen as a marker of identity and pride in the local communityScouse● Associated with the city of Liverpool and its surrounding areas● Features include the pronunciation of the "r" sound as a vowel, the useof glottal stops, and the use of unique vocabulary and expressions● Often seen as a marker of identity and belonging to the LiverpoolregionGeordie● Associated with the city of Newcastle and the North-East of England● Features include the pronunciation of the "r" sound as a vowel, theuse of glottal stops, and the use of unique vocabulary andexpressions● Often seen as a marker of identity and belonging to the Newcastleregion“assume”) / Schwa instead of syllabic consonants. ENGLISH: Cockney ● Traditional Cockney: dialect and slang ● Cockney accent FEATURES: Glottal stop → bottle → bo/ʔ/le / water → wa/ʔ/er /h/ dropping → hill → ill Dental/Interdental /θ/ /ð/ become /f/ /v/ → thin = fin / than = van /l/ vocalization with an exaggerated “ow” sound ● Traditional Cockney: dialect and slang ● Cockney accent FEATURES: Diphthong: /meik/ sound like /maik/ see Eliza Doolittle “the rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain” (voiceless glottal fricative) /h/ dropping see Eliza Diphthong: /taim/ becomes /toim/ /r/ in final position becomes very strong Schwa → copper = copp/əh/ Shakespeare & RP ● In the 18th century (with Garrick), Shakespeare started to be considered a great poet, he was included in the canon of English Literature. ● In later production of his plays RP was the obvious choice (intellectual, scholarly,

Shakespeare's OP last 50 years: regional accents have lost a lot of the negative associations (Shakespeare in RP = something for the elites, educated people...)

"going to the Globe in 1600 would have been like a trip to the Superbowl" (Crystal:194)

Accents at the time of Shakespeare

There was no "upper-class accent" in Shakespeare's time.

Londoners at the time were a mix of people coming from different regions (like today)

We can reconstruct the accent at the time of Shakespeare from: dictionaries, anecdotal evidence found in books, grammars (Ben Johnson's) the spelling of Shakespeare's plays (see rhymes) → DEDUCTIONS

Shakespeare's OP

Original Pronunciation (OP): first used in 2004

To a native speaker's ear: OP has elements of Irish, Somerset, Scots, Cockney...

Review manner of articulation

Review place of articulation

Grapheme to phoneme

Why is English Spelling so WEIRD?

600 A.D. Roman alphabet

Italian Speakers 1) Transfer of phonetic features from native language to second/foreign language: - Long and tense vowel sounds vs short and lax vowel sounds - /І/ vs /i:/ → allophone /i/ (e.g. live vs leave) - Italian vowels tend to be long and tense, while length is not a distinctive feature in English. 2) Some Italian speakers tend to add a "Schwa" sound to some words ending in consonants, as Italian often ends in vowel sounds. Pronunciation problems for Italian Speakers

Italian Speakers

CONSONANTS:

Lack of aspiration of voiceless plosives in initial position

/ph/ /th/ /kh/ as in pot / tea / kind

Lack of aspiration of /h/

See heart vs art

Allophones

● /k/ vs /kh/ sky vs kite scan vs cool

● They are found in different environments and they are mutually exclusive: complementary distribution

● /inpƱt/ vs /impƱt/ two allophones of the sound /n/

● But they are not allophones in meat vs neat, they are contrastive (minimal pair)

Pronunciation problems for Italian Speakers

Dental fricatives are usually pronounced as the alveolar fricatives or plosives.

CON ● /ð/ vs /d/ See those vs dose

S ● /ϴ/ vs /t/ vs /f/ See think vs tink vs fink

O Alveolar fricatives /s/ & /z/ in initial position

NANTS In English the grapheme <s> in initial position is always

Italian speakers tend to pronounce the /z/ (voiced) phoneme

See: small, snow, slim, snail, swim...

Inflections are often a problem RULES

<S> inflections:

if the word ends with a voiceless consonant

then the plural will be voiceless too, as in: maps / books / Nick's if the word ends with a voiced consonant then the plural will be voiced too, as in: trees / pens / Bob's if the plural is the last sound is voiced as it follows a vowel sound, as in: buses / washes / Bruce's inflections: if the verb ends in voiceless consonant, the pronunciation is /t/ as in: asked if the verb ends in voiced consonant or vowel, the pronunciation is /d/ or /Іd/ as in: lived & wanted. -ed endings ( and more ) listen to: stressed / washed / picked / managed & /s/ /z/ goose's owner, The subject's speech shows the following characteristics: realisation of /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ as [i] and [u] short vowels realisation of /r/ as vibrant realisation of /ŋ/ as see diagnosis [ŋɡ] [verbs ending in –ing see liking and morning] h-dropping see Harrison replacement of schwa [ə] with full vowels see around replacement of diphthongs

with full vowels see goat / wiped

Pronunciation in dictionaries

  • English dictionaries for native speakers don't use IPA
  • It is used in monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for learners
  • The use of symbols may diverge:

See phoneme /r/ in final position: /dƆ:r/ vs /dƆ:(r)/ vs /dƆ:*/

In learner dictionaries phonetic information is limited

Pronunciation dictionaries

  • Pronunciation dictionaries are exclusively devoted to pronunciation
  • They show inflected forms: see /teik/ /teikƏn/ /teiks/ /'teik ıŋ/ /tƱk/
  • They contain a wide range of proper, geographical, historical and literary names McEwan / Hercules / Norwich / Leicester / eBay
  • They include syllabification, and stress in compound words and phrases

Pronunciation dictionaries

  • They indicate percentages of use of controversial pronunciation:
  • again = 80% of British speakers say /Ə'gen/ 20% of British speakers say /Ə'gein/ 97% of American speakers say /Ə'gen/ 3% of American speakers

Say /əˈgeɪn/ ● schedule = 70% of British speakers say /'ʃed ju:l/ 30% of British speakers adopt the American pronunciation /'sked ju:l/ (on the rise) ● They give information about problematic areas of pronunciation such as spelling-to-sound equivalence

EXAMPLE: Phoneme <b>1) Spelling <b> pronunciation /b/ as in /'beɪb i/ 2) Spelling <bb> pronunciation /b/ as in /'ʃæb i/ 3) <b> is silent in two groups of words

● Before <t> in doubt, debt, subtle

● After <m> at the end of a word or stem, as in climb, lamb, thumb, bomber

Accent Mixture ● It is very rare today to find someone who has lived their whole life in a single place, thus a "pure" accent is really hard to find ● In 2013 the average UK resident will move house 8 times during a lifetime + television, media, the internet ● Integration = accommodation ● Today accents are a mixture of locations, sometime three or more → entirely consistent accents

Recognising accents

● Difficult to hear accent differences from a foreign country

● Consistent comparison with RP

● Use of IPA where it may clarify differences

Accent

Dettagli
Publisher
trasalessia
A.A. 2020-2021
58 pagine
1 download
SSD Scienze antichità, filologico-letterarie e storico-artistiche L-LIN/12 Lingua e traduzione - lingua inglese
I contenuti di questa pagina costituiscono rielaborazioni personali del Publisher trasalessia di informazioni apprese con la frequenza delle lezioni di Fonologia inglese e studio autonomo di eventuali libri di riferimento in preparazione dell'esame finale o della tesi. Non devono intendersi come materiale ufficiale dell'università Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore" o del prof Pavesi Maria.