Domande e Risposte Inglese e Comunicazione Multimediale

FIGURES OF SPEECH:

Metaphor: the structure of one concept in terms of another (relations of similarity)
(EX. The lawyer was a shark, means that the lawyer was good at doing his work.)

Metonymy: aspect associated with a concept for the concept as a whole
(EX. Downing Street is associated with the government/The ham sandwich has asked for the bill)

Sound symbolism: repetition of similar fricative or sibilant sound (alliteration), repetition of the same letter sound in the beginning of a word
(EX. She sells sea shells by sea shore)

Idioms: a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. There are often used in journalism.
(EX. He's biding his time. Means to wait patiently for a good opportunity to do something)
(EX. He can't hack it means that he is unable to do the work)
(https://www.phrases.org.uk/)

Wordplay: a contrast between dialect and the context
It involves using literary devices and techniques like consonance, assonance,

spelling, alliteration, onomatopoeia to form amusing and often humorous written and oral expressions. (EX: fat chance is used to say that you certainly do not think that something is likely to happen) (EX: Q: What did the ram say to his wife? A: I love ewe.)

Parallelism: can be for equivalence or contrast. Three element patterns (often used in political discourse), the repetition of structure with different expressions. (EX. In the name of peace, democracy and freedom) Three element pattern (EX. Human conflict has so much be owed by so many to so few) Triplet

Chiasmus: Inversion of syntactic patterns with contrast ideas. (EX. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends)

Strategic use of pronouns: using we/us/our/1 person plural) pronouns to emphasize involvement.

SLANG is like a jargon. For example, the word AIN'T is a contraction form of the verb "to be", "to have", it is informal, non-standard English and also American English.

IDIOMS means that a concept is an

Idiomatic expression. There are used in journalism to sound more colloquial, to highlight and give more colour.

ABBREVIATIONS: acronyms and initialism like WWW, ROM...

Characteristics of mediated communication (contemporary communication mediated by technology):

• Interactivity (between users / with textual material (between humans and computers))
• Communication at distance
• Co-temporality
• Relative permanence
• Spontaneity

Characteristics of WRITING and SPEECH:

Writing: objective/stable, durable, monologue, planned, structured, formal, argument oriented, lack of fully simultaneous feedback, emoticons, possibility of attending to multiple conversations.

Speech: interpersonal/negotiated, dialogue, spontaneous, syntactically simple, informal, event oriented, lack (mancanza) of persistence, hyperlinking, multiple authorship.

Topics of tabloid:

1. Scandal – more than any other topic, it’s scandal that fuels tabloid sales. The public loves glimpses into the lives of the rich, famous

and powerful.

2. Money – everyone wants more, and some people will stop at nothing to get it. Many tabloids have a columnist dedicated to writing features about money.

3. Babies – whether it’s because they were born in a taxi or can speak two languages from birth. It seems we can’t get enough of them.

4. Animals – flip through any tabloid and you’ll find a heart-warming story about a brave dog, or a cat that’s befriended a mouse.

5. Royalty – hardly a day goes by that a ‘royal’ doesn’t make an appearance somewhere in the tabloids.

6. Winners – from lottery winners to Olympic gold medallists, a winner on the front cover guarantees a high readership.

Tabloid characteristics:

Bold headlines, appealing photos, low prices and colour supplements also make tabloids the perfect bait for a commuter seeking some escape from real life.

The tabloids aren’t afraid to be biased and show their opinion, most strikingly in the editorial page.

1. How does event change shape we see the world?
2. How images contribute to media storytelling?
3. How does the digital media are different from traditional speech or writing?

1. Fixation of event into object (reproducibility in different circumstances)
2. Interactivity:
   • between users (multiple participants at the same time)
   • with textual material (presenting by the machine)
3. Fast and continuous evolutions hypertext containing links to

1. Why internet is defined mixed media by David crystal?

Internet is defined as mixed media because it involves a mixed semiotic register, including design elements such as font, pictures, layout, and videos.

2. What are the features of synchronous and asynchronous outputs?

Synchronous outputs include email, texting, blogging, tweeting, instant messaging, and social networking. Asynchronous outputs have a time lag between production and reception and include recording and communication of facts and ideas.

3. What are the features of synchronous outputs?

Synchronous outputs are time-bound, dynamic, transient, and participants may be involved at the same time with little time lag. They are suited to express the phatic function of language.

4. What are the features of asynchronous outputs?

Asynchronous outputs are space-bound, static, and permanent. There is a time lag between production and reception, and they are used for recording and communication of facts and ideas.

5. What are the differences between internet outputs and traditional speech and writing?

Internet outputs lack extralinguistic cues, prosody (loudness, tone of voice, etc.), spontaneity, and formal repetition and rephrasing.

save time, energy and money

text whose aim is to guarantee higher rankings in web searches

text whose aim is to maintain a standard

Typical trades of informal register:

• Contracted forms
• Coordinated sentences
• Nonsense vocabulary
• Obscenity
• Slang, idioms, phrasal verbs

And in which types of situation can you use them?

We can use informal register in a situation of informality like a conversation at home, in an instant messaging chat with a friend or in an email with a high confidence interlocutor.

What does of some of technological and social facets (sfaccettature) that can be used to describe different internet genres or outputs?

Facets are parameters of contrast in relation to which different outputs can be defined.

Technological facets: synchronicity (real time or asynchronous), granularity (nature of message units), persistence (persist on screen after reception), length, channels (EX. Graphics, video, audio material etc.), identity (public or private), audience, adaptation (filtering,

1. quoting
2. format
3. Social facets:
   • participation structure (number of participants)
   • participant characteristics (age, gender, background...)
   • purpose (teaching, advertising...)
   • activities (send photos, share information...)
   • topic appropriateness
   • tone (emotional)
   • norms of organisation (presence of a moderator, policy to admit new member)
   • norms of social appropriateness (kind of behaviour standards)
   • norms of language (linguistic convention)
   • code (language variety use)
4. Can you provide example of morphological process for the creation of new vocabulary items?
   • NOUN + NOUN (bandwidth, mail merge)
   • ADJECTIVE + NOUN (broadband, shortcut, smart card)
   • VERB + NOUN (scroll bar)
   • VERB + PARTICLE (add-on, setup)
   • By adding productive affixes and combining forms
   • Act, react, reaction
   • polite, impolite (educato, maleducato)
   • Common forms in technical vocabulary
   • Negative meaning (non-, un-)
   • Locative meaning (trans-, inter-, intra-, extra-, tele-)
   • Size (super-, micro-)

giga-) Repetition (re-) Electronic (e-) Relating to computer networks (cyber-) To cause to be something (en-, up-) The opposite of an action or to reverse an action (de-, un-) For jobs (-er, -eer, -or, -ant, -ian, -ist, -ware) Activity or state (-ion, -ment, -ics, -ity) Able to be (-able, -ible) Compounding

green (modifier) house (head noun)o greenhouse vs. green houseo blackbird vs. black birdoIn what way software technology change the manner which we use thelanguage? (ex. Change of prompt on twitter)

Vocabulary (abbreviations, acronyms, shortening)• Orthography (nonstandard spelling, capitalisation, punctuation, silentletter not included (EX. Building bilding))• Grammar (S become Z (EX. Gamez, filez, tunez…), contracted forms,idiomatically forms, phrasal vebs)• Pragmatics (unwanted information, messages intended to cause irritationin a chatgroup, inactive participation in a group, aggressive orthreatening messages,

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• Patterns of discourse/styles (discourse pattern their constraints, purposes, styles…)

EX. On twitter Length of 140 words bring about a variety of shortening techniques and the use of textisms

CHANGE OF PROMPT More dialogic quality with marker of cohesion…What are the new technology effects on English?

The Internet is as yet playing a relatively minor role in the English lexicon (Crystal 2011), today the English language is almost identical as it was 20 years ago