Domande e Risposte Inglese e Comunicazione Multimediale

Opposition Views:

1. Writing are objective, stable, planned, highly structured, formal, syntactically complex

2. Speech are interpersonal, spontaneous, syntactically simple, informal, loosely structured

Media Rhetoric:

Two main features of much media language

• Informative (statements of information)
• Persuasive (statements of opinions / evaluation) Often signalled by (epistemic markers like 'I think', 'in my view', 'it seems/apparently')

An audience can be persuaded by speaker's trustworthiness, emotions and argumentations.

denotation connotation

Lexical choices:

and

FIGURES OF SPEECH:

Metaphor: the structure of one concept in terms of another (relations of similarity)

(EX. The lawyer was a shark, means that the lawyer was good at doing his work.)

Metonymy: aspect associated with a concept for the concept as a whole

(EX. Downing Street is associated with the government/The ham sandwich has asked for the bill)

Sound symbolism: repetition of similar

fricative or sibilant sound (alliteration), repetition of the same letter sound in the beginning of a word (EX. She sells sea shells by the sea shore), repetition of the s

Idioms: a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. They are often used in journalism. (EX. He's biding his time. Means to wait patiently for a good opportunity to do something) (EX. He can't hack it means that he is unable to do the work) (source)

Wordplay: a contrast between dialect and the context. It involves using literary devices and techniques like consonance, assonance, spelling, alliteration, onomatopoeia to form amusing and often humorous written and oral expressions. (EX: fat chance is used to say that you certainly do not think that something is likely to happen) (EX: Q: What did the ram say to his wife? A: I love ewe.)

Parallelism: can be for equivalence or contrast. Three element patterns (often used in political discourse)

the speed of light (instantaneous communication across distances)Global reach (communication across borders and cultures)Permanence (ability to store and retrieve information)Multimodality (combination of text, images, audio, and video)Anonymity (ability to communicate without revealing identity)

distance

Co-temporality

Relative permanence

Spontaneity

Characteristics of WRITING and SPEECH:

Writing: objective/stable, durable, monologue, planned, structured, formal, argument oriented, lack of fully simultaneous feedback, emoticons, possibility of attending to multiple conversations.

Speech: interpersonal/negotiated, dialogue, spontaneous, syntactically simple, informal, event oriented, lack of persistence, hyperlinking, multiple authorship.

Topics of tabloid:

1. Scandal - more than any other topic, it's scandal that fuels tabloid sales. The public loves glimpses into the lives of the rich, famous and powerful.
2. Money - everyone wants more, and some people will stop at nothing to get it. Many tabloids have a columnist dedicated to writing features about money.
3. Babies - whether it's because they were born in a taxi or can speak two languages from birth. It seems we can't get enough of them.
4. Animals - flip through any

Tabloid Characteristics

1. Sensationalism - tabloids thrive on sensational stories that capture the attention of readers.

2. Celebrity gossip - tabloids are known for their coverage of celebrities' personal lives and scandals.

3. Scandals - tabloids often focus on scandals involving politicians, celebrities, and other public figures.

4. Heart-warming stories - flip through a tabloid and you'll find a heart-warming story about a brave dog, or a cat that's befriended a mouse.

5. Royalty - hardly a day goes by that a 'royal' doesn't make an appearance somewhere in the tabloids.

6. Winners - from lottery winners to Olympic gold medallists, a winner on the front cover guarantees a high readership.

Tabloid Characteristics:

• Bold headlines
• Appealing photos
• Low prices
• Colour supplements

These characteristics make tabloids the perfect bait for a commuter seeking some escape from real life.

The tabloids aren't afraid to be biased and show their opinion, most strikingly in the editorial page, which tends to be direct and aggressive in stating the editors' position on major issues.

The public wants excitement and sensationalism, and tabloids deliver.

Particular Event News Value:

• How does an event change the way we see the world?
• How do images contribute to media storytelling?
• How is digital media different from traditional speech?

Millions of people see a broadcast at the same times, well an online content is seen by relatively few people at first and then it is shared with few of contacts. Contemporary media discourse is "mediated" by technology that tends to combine register features of speech and writing. What does its distinctiveness depend on? Fixation of event into object (reproducibility in different circumstances) Interactivity: - between users (multiple participants at the same time) - with textual material (presenting by the machine) - Fast and continuous evolutions hypertext containing links to other texts - informality - Trend towards (feed-back) Why internet is defined mixed media by David crystal? Internet is defined mixed media because it involves a mixed semiotic register (design element including font, pictures, layout, videos) Feature of synchronous and asynchronous outputs? Outputs: email, texting, blogging, tweeting.

Instant messaging and social networking are forms of communication on the internet that have different features from traditional speech and writing.

Features of synchronous outputs, such as instant messaging, are similar to speech. They are time bound, dynamic, and transient. Participants can be involved at the same time with little time lag. Synchronous outputs are well-suited for expressing the phatic function of language.

Features of asynchronous outputs, such as social networking posts, are similar to writing. They are space bound, static, and permanent. There is a time lag between production and reception, allowing for the recording and communication of facts and ideas.

When comparing internet outputs to traditional speech and writing, there are several differences. Internet outputs lack extralinguistic cues and prosody (such as loudness and tone of voice). They also lack spontaneity and informal features like repetition, rephrasing, interruption, and overlaps. The lexicon used in internet outputs can be vague, and the register often includes contracted forms, coordinated sentences, nonsense vocabulary, obscenity, slang, idioms, and phrasal verbs.

Unlike traditional speech, internet outputs do not provide immediate feedback. They also lack punctuation, capitalization, and careful spatial organization. However, internet outputs allow for careful organization, intricate sentence structure, and the possibility of editing.

use informal register in casual conversations, informal emails or messages, social media posts, and informal presentations or speeches.Utilizza il registro informale in una situazione di informalità come una conversazione a casa, in una chat di messaggistica istantanea con un amico o in una email con un interlocutore di alta fiducia. Quali sono alcune delle sfaccettature tecnologiche e sociali che possono essere utilizzate per descrivere diversi generi o output su Internet? Le sfaccettature sono parametri di contrasto rispetto ai quali possono essere definite diverse uscite. Sfaccettature tecnologiche: sincronicità (in tempo reale o asincrona), granularità (natura delle unità di messaggio), persistenza (persistenza sullo schermo dopo la ricezione), lunghezza, canali (es. materiale grafico, video, audio, ecc.), identità (pubblica o privata), pubblico, adattamento (filtraggio, citazione), formato. Sfaccettature sociali: struttura della partecipazione (numero di partecipanti), caratteristiche dei partecipanti (età, genere, background...), scopo (insegnamento, pubblicità...), attività (invio di foto, condivisione di informazioni...), appropriatezza del tema, tono (emozionale), norme di organizzazione (presenza di un moderatore...).

policy to admit new member), norms of social appropriateness (kind of behaviour standards), norms of language (linguistic convention), code (language variety use).

Can you provide example of morphological process for the creation of new vocabulary items?

• NOUN + NOUN (bandwidth, mail merge)
• ADJECTIVE + NOUN (broadband, shortcut, smart card)
• VERB + NOUN (scroll bar)
• VERB + PARTICLE (add-on, setup)

By adding productive affixes and combining forms

• Act, react, reaction
• polite, impolite (educato, maleducato)
• Common forms in technical vocabulary
• Negative meaning (non-, un-)
• Locative meaning (trans-, inter-, intra-, extra-, tele-)
• Size (super-, micro-, giga-)
• Repetition (re-)
• Electronic (e-)
• Relating to computer networks (cyber-)
• To cause to be something (en-, up-)
• The opposite of an action or to reverse an action (de-, un-)
• For jobs (-er, -eer, -or, -ant, -ian, -ist, -ware)
• Activity or state (-ion, -ment, -ics, -ity)
• Able to be (-able, -ible)

Compoundinggreen (modifier) house (head noun) o greenhouse vs. green house o blackbird vs. black bird In what way software technology change the manner which we use the language? (ex. Change of prompt on twitter) Vocabulary (abbreviations, acronyms, shortening) • Orthography (nonstandard spelling, capitalisation, punctuation, silent letter not included (EX. Building bilding)) • Grammar (S become Z (EX. Gamez, filez, tunez…), contracted forms, idiomatically forms, phrasal vebs) • Pragmatics (unwanted information)