Chimica organica - organic chemistry

Name: Chimica organica - organic chemistry
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Appunti di Chjimica organica. Gli argomenti trattati sono i seguenti: Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, Animals, plants, and other forms of life consist of organic compounds, Bonding …

Esame Chimica organica

Facoltà Chimica industriale

Università Università degli Studi di Bologna

A.A. 2013-2014

53 pagine

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Estratto del documento

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Introduction in organic chemistry

Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds.
Animals, plants, and other forms of life consist of organic compounds.
Nucleic acids, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins, and hormones are all organic compounds.
Biochemistry was developed later as the study of the chemical compounds and reactions in living cells.

Bonding in organic compounds

Besides carbon, the most common elements in organic compounds are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens.
All of the preceding elements are non-metals, therefore organic compounds have covalent bonding.

Numbers and types of bonds for common elements in organic compounds

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
For classification purposes, all other organic compounds are considered derivatives of hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons can be divided into aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Classification of hydrocarbons

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons having no benzene rings.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be divided into four major divisions:
- Alkanes
- Cycloalkanes
- Alkenes
- Alkynes

Alkanes

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons (no functional groups). They are also called aliphatic compounds
- Because their hydrogen content is at a maximum.
- Connecting carbons can lead to large or small molecules.
The formula for an alkane with no rings in it must be C_nH_2n+2.
The names of alkanes all end in “-ane.”
Methane and butane are gases.
Pentane C₁₇H₃₆ are liquids.
C₁₈H₃₈ and higher are solids.

Names of small hydrocarbons

No. of Carbons	Formula	Name (C_nH_2n+2)
1	Methane	CH₄
2	Ethane	C₂H₆
3	Propane	C₃H₈
4	Butane	C₄H₁₀
5	Pentane	C₅H₁₂
6	Hexane	C₆H₁₄
7	Heptane	C₇H₁₆
8	Octane	C₈H₁₈
9	Nonane	C₉H₂₀
10	Decane	C₁₀H₂₂

Names of larger hydrocarbons

No. of Carbons	Formula	Name (C_nH_2n+2)
11	Undecane	C₁₁H₂₄
12	Dodecane	C₁₂H₂₆
13	Tridecane	C₁₃H₂₈
14	Tetradecane	C₁₄H₃₀
15	Pentadecane	C₁₅H₃₂
16	Hexadecane	C₁₆H₃₄
17	Heptadecane	C₁₇H₃₆
18	Octadecane	C₁₈H₃₈
19	Nonadecane	C₁₉H₄₀
20	Isocane	C₂₀H₄₂

Alkyl groups

Alkyl group – remove one H from an alkane (a part of a structure).
General abbreviation “R” (for Radical, an incomplete species or the “rest” of the molecule).
Name: replace -ane ending of alkane with -yl ending
- CH₃ is “methyl” (from methane).
- CH₂CH₃ is “ethyl” from ethane.

This group does not exist independently but occurs bonded to another atom or molecule.

Nomenclature for alkanes

Compound is named as a derivative of the longest continuous chain of C atoms.

Anteprima

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