Chimica industriale - produzione dell'industria chimica

What is the chemical sector (& nomenclature)

 Facts and Figures

 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry

 Top Chemicals

 Structure of Chemical Industry

 ◦ Energy products: natural gas and refinery

◦ Petrochemistry 1

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

The chemical industry transforms raw materials

 (organic, inorganic) and convert them to substances or

products for consumers or other industrial sectors.

The products of the chemical industry have various

 applications and uses:

◦ base chemicals, mainly for further transformation inside the

chemical industry

◦ intermediate products, for further transformation inside or

outside chemical industry

◦ final products for industrial system, agriculture, services,

consumers, etc. 2

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 3

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

not a single product, but many (over 30.000)

 very broad range of applications (from energy, to

 health care, to materials - polymers, ....)

the input for a large manufacture sector

 strictly correlated (many interdependent passages

 from raw materials to final products)

energy and raw material dependence

 global scale

 scale-economy

 4

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

Raw materials Base chemicals Intermediate

Inorganic

Inorganic Intermediates

(NH , H , H SO , HCl, H PO , Cl ,

(H O, air, minerals, 3 2 2 4 3 4 2

metals, Si, glass, ceramics,

2 (formaldehyde, acetic ac.,

NaCl, SiO , ….) zeolites, inorg. fibres, …)

2 ethylene oxide, vinyl

chlorure, vinyl acetate,

Fossil fuels Base chemicals acrylonitrile, meta-

acrylic acid, phthalic &

(coal, oil, (syngas- CO/H , alkanes, maleic anh., phenol, …)

2

natural gas) olefins, aromatics, HCN)

Energy Base chemicals Final products

(from other sources) (CH OH, ethanol, methylamine,

3

halogen compounds, Polymers & elastomers, fibres,

acetaldehyde, ethanolamines, detergents, agro-chemicals,

acetone, ..)

Biomass pharmaceuticals, ...

Inorganic Industrial Chemistry

Refinery Petrochemistry Polymer sector

Fine and specialty

chemicals

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 

Each industry a three-

digit code nr.: chemical



manufacturing 325.

Sectors, subsectors and



sub-subsectors four,

five, and six digit nr.

Basic Chem. Manuf. 3251,

Dyes and Pigments

32513, Synth. Org. Dyes

and Pigments 325132. 6

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

The manufacturing sector contributed about $2.0

trillion of value added, which was about one-fifth of

that year’s gross domestic product (GDP 7

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 8

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 9

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 10

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 11

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

Production and transformation of organic and

 inorganic substances which utilize the following

procedures: alkylation, carbonylation, oxidation,

hydrolysis, polymerization, ....

Treatment of org. & inorg. substances which use the

 following processes: distillation, extraction, .....

Transformation of oil and related products (refinery)

 Production and treatment of gases for energy uses

 Production of metals by wet processes or through the

 use of electrical energy ( Al) 12

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) Cefic 2007 Report

In 2006, world chemicals sales were estimated at

 €1641 billion, an increase of 9% compared to the

previous year. With €476 billion, the EU chemical

industry is still in a top position, but has lost its first

place in the ranking to Asia (including China and

Japan), mainly due to the rise of China and India. In

2006, China occupied the third place in worldwide

chemical sales and India ranked seventh, so both are

among the world’s ten largest chemical producers.

Taken together, the EU, Asia and NAFTA (North

American Free Trade Area) account for almost 90% of

the world turnover. www.cefic.org 13

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 14

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 15

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 16

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 17

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 18

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

The output of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries

 covers four wide ranges of products: base chemicals, speciality

and fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals and consumer chemicals.

◦ Base chemicals cover petrochemicals and derivatives and basic inorganics.

They are produced in large volumes, and are sold to the chemical industry

itself or to other industries. They represented nearly 43% of total EU

chemicals sales in 2006.

◦ Specialty chemicals cover the auxiliaries for industry, dyes & pigments,

crop protection, and paints & inks. Specialty chemicals are produced in

small volumes but nevertheless represented 19% of total EU chemicals

sales in 2006.

◦ Pharmaceuticals represent both basic pharmaceutical products and

pharmaceutical preparations. They accounted for 28% of total EU

chemicals sales in 2006.

◦ Finally, consumer chemicals are sold to final consumers: soaps and

detergents, perfumes and cosmetics. They represented approximately

10% of total EU chemicals sales in 2006. 19

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 20

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 21

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

The chemical industry underpins virtually all sectors of the

 economy and its strategies impact directly on the

downstream users of chemicals.

The consumption structure of chemicals by downstream

 users gives the following picture:

◦ The big industrial customers of chemicals are the metals,

mechanical & electrical industries, textiles & clothing, the

automotive industry and paper & printing products, accounting

together for 25.1% of chemical consumption by downstream

users.

◦ 30.3% of chemicals consumption is absorbed by end users in

private households, government and non-profit organisations,

16.4% goes to services, 6.4% to agriculture, 5.4% to construction,

6.1% to the rest of manufacturing and 10.3% to other industries. 22

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 23

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

Chemicals is the second leading manufacturing sector

 (after pharmaceuticals) in terms of "added value per

employee" in Europe, followed by the “office machinery

and computers”, “radio, television and communication”,

basic metals”, “automotives” and “pulp and paper”

sectors. The chemical industry’s added value per

employee is almost twice as high as the manufacturing

average.

With regard to its gross operating profit, the chemicals

 sector compares very favourably to other

manufacturing sectors as well. The ratio of gross

operating profits to sales is the 5th highest in industry

and is well above the manufacturing average. 24

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 25

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 26

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

The chemical industry's contribution to the EU gross domestic

 product amounts to 1.3%. When pharmaceuticals are added

this figure amounts to 2%. This may seem small at first sight,

but should be re-assessed taking into consideration both the

shrinking contribution of industry as a whole to GDP in

advanced economies (-7% over the last 5 years in the EU)

along with a rise in services. Additionally, there is a wide

contribution of chemical products into all branches of the

economy; for example in Germany chemicals are the most

important supplier of innovative materials for the industry. In

Germany chemicals represent 10% of the supply of input and

intermediary products and they show an above average R&D

content. Chemicals account for more than 7% of

manufacturing value added and more than 6% of industry

value added in Europe. 27

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 28

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

In 2006, almost half (14) of the 30 world chemicals majors had

 their headquarters in the EU - representing 16% of world

chemicals sales. These 30 companies had a combined sales

turnover of €526 billion. This was a significant increase compared

to the previous year and reflects not only the positive sales

development in 2006 but also the ongoing consolidation in the

chemicals sector. Additionally, Asia (excluding Japan) develops

more and more as a leading region in chemicals. Three out of the

five companies headquartered in “other countries” come from

Asia, namely China and South Korea. 29

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

The EU chemical industry comprises about 27 000 enterprises (data covering firms with

no employees are excluded), 96% of which have less than 250 employees and may be

considered as small and medium sized enterprises. These account for 30% of sales and

37% of employment. Only 4% of the EU enterprises employ more than 249 employees

and generate 70% of total chemicals sales. 30

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 31

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 32

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

In 2006, the trade surplus amounted to €40.6 billion. Specialty

 chemicals accounted for more than 37% of the EU chemicals

trade surplus, with a trade surplus of €15.3, billion. With €13.4

billion consumer chemicals are the second strongest sector on

the world markets, followed by petrochemicals (€7.7 billion)

and polymers (€6.9 billion). Basic inorganics is the only sector

with a trade deficit of €2.7 billion. Pharmaceuticals account for

a trade surplus of €34.8 billion which would have to be added

to the €40.6 billion.

To put the EU chemicals trade (including pharmaceuticals) into

 an international context, in comparison with the USA and Asia,

the EU is the only region with a trade surplus in chemicals and

it is also the extent of the trade surplus that marks the

difference. The USA has had a negative trade balance in

chemicals since 2002 and the Asian trade deficit in chemicals

has been continuously rising over the last 10 years. 33

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

In addition to providing for customers' present needs, the

 chemical industry is constantly developing new and improved

products and processes, creating and serving completely new

markets. This enables other industries to be more efficient and

productive by using more effective substitute materials and

products. Chemicals serve as input into basically all sectors of

the economy and consequently depend on their economic

performance.

In the period 1996-2006, the chemical industry had an average

 growth rate of 1.7% whereas total industry and GDP grew by

2.1% and 2.4% respectively on average per year. These averages

mask however quite different yearly growth rates in chemicals,

from -2.7% in 2001 to 6.3% in 1997. The range for yearly

industrial growth is much smaller, from -0.2% in 2002 to 4.6% in

2000. 34

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 35

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 36

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 37

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2) 38

Struttura Ind. chimica (p2)

In 2004, purchases by the EU chemical industry accounted for

 74% of the sales value. The remaining 26% constitutes the gross

value added of the sector, which comprises gross operating

surplus and payroll. Among purchases, it is possible to single out

the costs of trading and energy. Trading represents the cost of

chemicals purchased from third parties and resold in their

original condition, and amounts to 4% of the sales value. Energy

costs from the purchase of feedstock and fuel and power

currently account for 8% of the sales value. However, it needs to

be underlined that this is an average. Certain sub sectors are

much more sensitive to energy cost as for them it represents a

more important input factor, for example the Chlor Alkali

industry. In 2004, the payroll accounted for some 14% of the

chemicals sales value. The gross operating surplus is defined as

profits before taxes,