Appunti Inglese B2

PAST MODAL VERBS: CERTAINTY

We use must have + past participle when we are sure something happened or was true:

I must have left my phone at work. She's really late, she must have missed her train again.

We use can't have + past participle when we are sure something is not possible:

He can't have gone to bed already, it's only 8 o'clock. You can't have studied very much considering you only got 23% in your exam last month.

We use couldn't have + past participle to say that something was not possible in the past:

He couldn't have gone on holiday with you even if he'd wanted to. I couldn't have stayed at the party any longer.

However, we don't normally use it for the immediate past.

THE PASSIVE: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Active and passive voice; Active Form: The professor teaches the students. Passive Form: The students are taught.

teabag is removed, a drop of milk is added, no sugar is needed. "Everest is conquered". Many2. We also use the passive form in news reports: buildings in the city have been damaged by the earthquake. Interest rates will be cut by the Bank of England tomorrow. Newspaper headlines often "Agreement signed", "Lincoln shot". use the passive form but omit "be":3. We use the passive in formal writing, for example business or legal The contract will be signed correspondence, academic writing, or scientific writing: tomorrow. The meeting has been cancelled and the manager's diary updated. ear protection must be 4. We use the passive for instructions, signs, and rules: worn, the plants have to be watered daily. Tickets must be validated before getting on the train.

THE PASSIVE: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

PAST MODAL VERBS 2

SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Use "should" to talk about past mistakes and recommend/criticise strongly.

should / shouldn’t have + past participle to say that somebody didn’t do the right thing, or to express regret or criticism:

She shouldn’t have spent all her money on that coat because now she’s broke.

You should have gone on the London Eye while you were in London, it’s great.

OUGHT TO/OUGHTN’T TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

We can replace should have with ought to / ought not to have + past participle:

She oughtn’t to have spent all her money on that coat because now she’s broke.

You ought to have gone on the London Eye while you were in London, it’s great.

“REAL” CONDITIONALS

When there is a lot of rain, the river floods.

1. Zero Conditional: If it’s raining later, we won’t go to the park for a picnic.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

We use the zero conditional to talk about:

- General truths

- Habits / routines

- Real world (rules, scientific facts, etc)

1. Facts: If I mix hydrogen and oxygen,

1. If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

2. General truths: If you fly with budget airlines, the drinks are expensive.

3. Habits/routine: Unless I'm late for work, I always catch the train.

4. Preferences: When I stir fry vegetables, I prefer olive oil.

5. Rules & laws: If you're in class, don't use your phone.

6. Cause & effect: If you eat too much junk food, you can get fat.

7. Superstitions: It's bad luck if the groom sees the bride before the wedding. If he hasn't shaved, a man has a beard. When the sun is rising, the day becomes lighter. A man has a beard if he hasn't shaved. I always go to the bar for a coffee unless I arrive late.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

Possible future events and their likely results.

We use the first conditional to talk about real and possible situations and future events.

If I have time, I'll go to the shop on the way home. If it's not results

Outcomes: If it's raining, we'll go for a swim in the sea.

Use any of the present forms in the if-clause:

• I arrive
• Present simple: I'm arriving
• Present continuous: I've arrived
• Present perfect

You can use any future form in the result clause:

• "Will"
• "Going to"
• Future perfect
• Future continuous

If I don't see him, I'll phone him. If the weather is good tomorrow, we're going to drive to the mountains.

DO NOT SAY: If I will have time, I'll go to the shop. If the weather will be good tomorrow, we're going to drive to the beach.

We do not use "will" in the if-clause. When

You can also use the imperative in the result clause for specific instructions: you finish the dishes, clean the floor. If you see Tom, tell him to phone me.

I'll go to the shop if I have time. Tom will tell is what Maria said if he's seen her.

If Tom sees Maria, he can tell her.

If Tom sees Maria, he must/has to tell her.

If Tom sees Maria, he may/might tell her.

If Tom sees Maria, he should tell her.

FIRST CONDITIONAL: FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

We can also replace "if" with other future time expressions:

As soon as Tom sees Maria, he'll tell her about the meeting.

Until Joe's left, I won't be able to tell you what he said.

Before you've left to the airport, we'll have phoned your father.

After you come back, we'll talk about the phone bill.

When Anna gets here, she's going to open the door.

In case he hasn't finished fixing the car, I'll check the train times.

Unless it stops raining, we're not going to the beach.

VERB PATTERNS

I love listening to classical music. I need to practice the piano more if

Verb + verb:

I'm going to get into the conservatory.

VERB PATTERNS

We managed to get to the airport.

on time even though we set off late. I can’t stand waiting in queues. When two verbs are together in a phrase the first verb will decide the form of the second verb. Sometimes you also need a direct object. We call these “verb patterns”.

VERB PATTERNS: IN THIS NOTES

1. Verb + infinitive
2. Verb + object + infinitive
3. Make let
4. and
5. Verb + gerund
6. Change of meaning / no change of meaning
7. Other uses of the infinitive
8. Other use of the gerund
9. Be used to get used to
10. and

VERB + INFINITIVE: SOME EXAMPLES

I can’t afford to buy the new iPhone.

Some verbs are followed by the infinitive form:

• I agreed not to pay the bill as Carla was.
• He appeared to steal the purse.
• We arranged to visit the doctor as Rob was still not well.

When the second verb is in the infinitive form and in the negative, both options below are possible:

I agreed no to pay the bill as Carla was. / I agreed to not pay the bill as Carla was.

VERB + INFINITIVE: SOME COMMON VERBS

VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

He

1. Some verbs are followed by a direct object and then the infinitive form:

   <p>They advised me to go to the hospital.</p>

   <p>They asked us to stay late in order to finish the work.</p>

   <p>We want them to come to the cinema.</p>

   <p>I want you to speak to your boss about this.</p>

   <p>We want that they come to the cinema.</p>

   <p>I want that you speak to my boss about this.</p>

2. MAKE AND LET:

   <p>We made her promise to come to the party.</p>

   <p>I made him not go to the gym as he was so tired.</p>

   <p>Let me cook dinner tonight.</p>

   <p>Don't let me be late to the meeting.</p>

3. VERB + GERUND: SOME EXAMPLES

   <p>He admitted taking the wallet.</p>

   <p>We avoided paying for the excess baggage.</p>

   <p>I can't help wondering if he was wrong about this.</p>

   <p>He denied robbing the bank.</p>

   <p>We enjoy visiting historical sites.</p>

4. VERB + GERUND: SOME COMMON VERBS CHANGE OF MEANING

   <p>With some verbs we can use both the infinitive form or gerund after, but it depends on the meaning.</p>

I'll remember to turn off the cooker (I'll remember that I have to do it before); (I have a memory afterwards).

I regret to say you haven't got this job; I regret drinking so much last night; I don't feel well.

He tried to see Caroline before she left; Try restarting your computer and see if that works. I need to speak to Sally about the problem with her bank card; we needed to leave early because there were roadworks.

However, if you use need + gerund then it becomes a passive construction: This car needs cleaning. Your shirt needs washing.

"Like", "Love", "Hate" and "Prefer". These verbs are usually used with the gerund when we talk about things in general: We like playing golf. I love going to the cinema. I hate getting up early. I prefer speaking French to German. On holiday in

However, if we talk about specific things