Appunti di inglese

NEGATIVE EFFECTS:

- Appealing environment spoilt by over-development;

- Local people displaced due to development of coastal resorts;

- Damage of natural flora and fauna;

- Reduction in water supply/quality to meet tourism demands;

- Increased litter and waste disposal problems;

- Greater air pollution and noise from overcrowded increased air traffic.

Ecotourism

Ecotourism is also known as ecological tourism. It is a form of tourism that is related to nature, in fact it’s

involves visiting natural areas to protect the environment. Its purpose is to educate the tourists to respect and

preserve the natural environment and it often involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna and culture

heritage are the primary attractions. It includes the conservation of biological diversity, increase in

environmental and cultural knowledge and it provides funds for ecological conservation. A part of ecotourism

is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation and creation of economic opportunities

for local communities.

Even if ecotourism is for small groups, it puts pressure on the local environment and to the development of

additional infrastructures and services. The construction of water treatment plants or sanitary facilities are

made with the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources and the use of local resources that are already

limited. So the environment suffers because local communities exploit these resources to meet ecotourism

needs. Apart environmental deterioration with tourist infrastructures, ecotourism also causes pollution and

waste and so the ecotourism activities are involved in environmental impact because they destroy the flora

and fauna.

Most forms of ecotourism belong to investors or companies which offer few benefits to local communities.

There is a limited number of local people who are employed in the economy and they aren’t able to live in

tourist areas because of low salaries and a two market system.

The ecotourism system exercises tremendous financial and political influences. At the local level, it has

become a source of conflict over control of land, resources and tourism profits.

Moreover , with the creation of protected area, local people have illegally lost their houses without

compensation. The establishment of parks can deprive the people of their traditional use of land and natural

resources. Ethnic groups are seen as a background to the landscape and wildlife.

Tourism in Mediterranean Islands: a comparative analysis

Island: land surrounded by water, smaller than a continent.

From the ancient time, the Mediterranean basin has connected people from different countries, faciliting

commercial and cultural exchange. Today it has more than 100 islands belonging to six States that are

members of the European Union, in which there are people from different countries, economic and cultural

activities. They have the same handicaps as a result of their insularity, which caused difficulties that are:

- structural disadvantages such as isolation from large market, limited area and distance from residential

density;

- presence of fragile ecosystems;

- presence of a single sector of activity, such as tourism.

In contrast to these difficulties, Mediterranean Islands experience a strong tourism demand with positive

effects on local employment and production.

Mediterranean Island could be classified into 4 size groups:

- MICRO ISLANDS: (Malta archipelago, Tuscan Islands ecc…). This type of Islands are classified like

“archipelago”. They have a greater residential density but tourism isn’t uniformly distributed. The Balearic

Islands are the major archipelago of Mediterranean in terms of tourist numbers.

- SMALL ISLANDS: Ionian Islands; They have increased their tourism supply in terms

of bad places,

- MEDIUM ISLANDS: Cyprus, Corsica and Crete; generating an increase in tourism pressure on the

territory.

- LARGE ISLANDS: (Sicily and Sardinia) Tourism has lower importance for economic activities, and

issues of sustainable developments be less urgent.

According to the geographical position, tourism demand is concentrated towards the eastern Mediterranean,

including all the Greek islands and Cyprus.

Islands are often fragile and vulnerable to tourism activities, and for this strategies must follow the

characteristics of each island. The possible strategies are:

- Stabilization of the balance;

- Gradual upgrading supply but without an increase in tourism pressure;

- Better quality of supply and prices.

Variations of tourists to stay in one Island or in another depend on the level of attractiveness of the Island

and the type of tourism offered by the destination.

Two groups of Islands:

1. Holiday destinations, in which people stay longer than a week;

2. They stay shorter than four nights.

Two strategy:

1. Islands show low tourism pressure and medium-to-high bed occupancy rate (no Islands);

2. Islands tend to show a low tourism pressure and low bed occupancy rate (most Islands).

The Cooperation is necessary in two dimensions:

- The FIRST involves the local actors involved in tourism development;

- The SECOND is to be carried out through partnerships.

In the Mediterranean Islands, tourism is a sector which is often linked to seasonality and the problems of

limited connections to other international tourist markets, even with insufficient internal financial resources.

The Islands territories also have different economic and organizational structures than the mainland,

particularly in the services and tourism. For the Islands economy, tourism is a good support for local

production and commercial activities and often it leads a high level of tourist flows.

Cruise tourism effects on the Mediterranean Islands’ Economies

In the last twenty years, the cruise market has grown considerably in the tourism sector. This traffic

generates demand for new ports and in particular in the Caribbean and Mediterranean areas.

From the customers point of view, the transport has a cruise line that offers the opportunity to visit different

places along the way just standing on a floating resort.

From a destination point of view, cruises can be considered a good way to support local economies, so they

have an important role in terms of economic benefits in coastal areas.

Further studies concentrated the attention to the port situation and port site explaining the success of cruise

ports. The attractiveness were in details considered.

In terms of tourism economy cruise, you can differentiate cruise stops at ports situated on the mainland and

medium islands. For both areas, the main variable is the expense of cruise passengers. There are doors of

success on the Mediterranean islands, where ports and cities are fully organized to operate cruise streams of

daily visitors.

For cruise tourism, ports are important bases for boarding and disembarkation, and, along the cruises,

excursions and supplies. An important difference is between HOME ports (for incoming and outgoing

passengers) and ports (as part of cruise itineraries, when the cruise stopping to offer visits in the major

sites).

We have to consider some factors that influence the pattern of expenditure like the weather, passenger

profile, the nature of ports, shopping opportunities and ship tour.

Each stop cruise is an opportunity for the local market and for economic activities. Main categories are:

transportation, tickets and travel, shopping, food and other services.

A smaller component of goods and services isn’t included in the cruise package, such as excursions, drinks

on board the ship, suggestions etc ... We can distinguish three categories of cruise passengers:

1. Walkers;

2. Independent visitors;

3. Those who know destinations and prefers to spend time on the ship.

The data shows that cruise tourism is responsible for a large number of passengers flows in terms of

embarkation, disembarkation and transits.

The total passenger flows can be divided in two classes:

- MAINLAND: passengers are concentrated in Greece, Italy, Spain

- ISLANDS HARBOURS: passengers flows where three countries as Greece, Italy, Spain manage most of

it.

We can observe that the distribution is quiet homogeneous. Islands could reach a different advantage

considering the size of the Islands and the structure of local productions and services supply.

Translation: a brief outline of its history and theory

Translation means giving the same sense of the original text in the translated language.

The world translation derives from the Latin “translatio”, that means “to carry across” or “to bring across”.

The Germanic and Slavic use calques of these Latin sources.

The Ancient Greek term for translation (metaphrasis, a speaking across) has supplied English with:

- METAPHRASE: “world-for-world”, it is an imperfect concept because a certain word in a certain

language often has more than one meaning. It corresponds to formal equivalence;

- PARAPHRASE: “saying in other words”, corresponds to dynamic equivalence.

Two conflicting concepts of translations are:

- FIDELITY (or faithfulness): it’s how to translate accurately, without changing the meaning of the source

text. It corresponds to “formal equivalence”, “metaphrase”.;

- TRANSPARENCY : the translation appears equal to the origin language, and it is consistent with its

grammar, syntax and language. It corresponds to “dynamic equivalence”, “paraphrase”.

Different between:

- Bilingual individual: he is able to translate satisfactorily and express his ideas and thoughts in his

native language and in foreign languages.

- Translator: he is able to read, understand somebody else’s ideas without changing the original meaning

in another language. Translator have to reproduce the original context, producing the world order, for

example, by shifting from active to passive voice or vice versa.

Machine translation (MT) is a process whereby a computer program analyzes a source text and produces a

target text without human intervention. The machine translation system may be useful thanks to the

preparation of the source text and the revision of the text by a human translator.

Computer-assisted translation (CAT) is a form of translation in which a human translator creates a target

text with the assistance of a computer program. It can include standard dictionary and grammar software.

From the art and technique of translation

Translation opens a new world by putting us in touch with foreign cultures that enrich our culture and help us

to make more tolerant with others.

Most translator give more importance to the meaning rather than the actual words. They offer their own

interpretation of the text and, when they meet an obstacle, they use paraphrase or imitation. When the

translator paraphrase, because they cannot find a word in their language, they often add or remove from the

original.

If a concept isn’t translatable, we can use loan words that are incorporate in foreign words, we can use

circumlocutions or we c