Riepilogo della lezione completa di Metallurgia applicata

Índice de Contenidos

Índice de Contenidos

1. Review of Metallurgy: Strengthening mechanism for metals and alloys. 2

1.1. Plastic Deformation of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2. Cold working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1. Properties vs Strain Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.2. Grain size Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.3. Controlling Hardening and Grain material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.4. Annealing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3. solid solution Strengthening: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4. Precipitate Strengthening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. Introduction to material selection 5

2.1. Ashby methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.1. Interdependence of form and processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.2. Material families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.3. Selection strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1.4. Material index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3. Introduction to composite materials 6

3.1. Pros and cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.3. Classification of composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.3.1. Fiber reinforced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.3.2. Influence of Fiber lenght: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.3.3. Matrix Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.3.4. Fiber reinforced composites: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. Al Alloys and AHSS 9

4.0.1. Non Heat treatable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.1. Heat Treatable Alluminums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.1.1. Agining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.2. AHSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5. Special Steels 11

5.1. Alloying elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.2. Thermal treatment and hardenability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6. Materias for Electric Transportation 14

6.1. The electrical resistivity of metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2. Link between thermal and electrical conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.3. Trade Off strength vs resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.4. Transmission of Electrical Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time i

Índice de Contenidos

7. Materials for Electric Motors 16

7.1. Review of physical basis of magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7.2. Ferromagnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7.3. Micro-structural effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

8. CAST ALMINUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 18

8.1. Bayer process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

8.2. Classification of Al Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

8.2.1. Aluminum- Copper 2xx.x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

8.2.2. Aluminum- Silicon - Copper/Magnesium 3xx.x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.2.3. Aluminum - Magnesium 5xx.x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.2.4. Aluminum - Zinc 7xx.x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.3. Chemical composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.4. Mg Alloys in automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.4.1. Mg and its alloys: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.4.2. Cast Alloys: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

9. Brembo Seminar on Cast Calipers 20

10. Ceramic Materials on Automotive 20

10.1. Dielectric Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

10.2. Piezoelectric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

10.3. Ferroelectirc Ceramic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

11. Material in tires 21

12. Basic LCA 23

13. Failure mechanism 24

13.1. Brittle fracture and crack propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

13.2. Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

13.3. Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

13.3.1. Corrosion 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

13.3.2. Types of corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

13.3.3. Prevention and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

13.4. Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

14. LCA Case of Study 26

15. Chat gpt Questions 26

16. Gemini Questions 26

17. Co Pilot Questions 26

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time ii

Índice de Figuras

Índice de Figuras

1. Initial/Final shape of Crystals under Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Effects of cold working on brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Grain boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4. Annealing process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5. Annealing process diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

6. Translation for material selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

7. Trade off Strength vs resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

8. Bloch walls movement while H is applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

9. Strong magnets vs soft magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

10. WEAR PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time iii

Resumen

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time 1

Review of Metallurgy: Strengthening mechanism for metals and alloys.

1. Review of Metallurgy: Strengthening mechanism

for metals and alloys.

1.1. Plastic Deformation of Metals

This occurs when atomic planes slide over each other.

Figura 1: Initial/Final shape of Crystals under Deformation

In a perfect crystal arrangement the sliding of one plane over an adjacent one needs the coordi-

nated movement of all atoms.

is worth mentioning than the real stress required to overcome the lattice resistance to dislocation

is much smaller than the theoretical one.

1.2. Cold working

pure metal and alloys change properties as a result of the hard working.

the cold work gets done by applying external load to the material and forcing plastic defor-

mation. most of the energy transmitted is dissipated as heat but up to a 10 % is retained inside the

increase of dislocation density stacking faults

material part of it because of the important and also

or interstitial floss (atomos en otros lugares o espacios vacios en la red).

FUNFACT: The energy remains retained whiting crystals only if the temperatures is sufficiently

≤

low so the atoms are effectively immobile (T 0.3T . if the plastic deformation requires that re-

m

COLD WORK.

quirement then is called an known as

1.2.1. Properties vs Strain Hardening Increase Decreases.

As strain hardening increases: strength and hardness while Ductility also

the larger number of dislocation makes slip more difficult.

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time 2

Review of Metallurgy: Strengthening mechanism for metals and alloys.

Figura 2: Effects of cold working on brass

REVIEW THE TAYLOR EQUATION ON SLIDE 5 OF PPT1.

1.2.2. Grain size Reduction

In metals the size of the grain has a direct impact on the mechanical properties of the material,

adjacent grains normally have different cyrstallographic orientation and a common grain boundary

where the slip or dislocation happens in the cold working.

Figura 3: Grain boundary

the grain boundary acts as a barrier since dislocation will need more energy to çhange"directions

and also the disorder of atoms at the boundary will create discontinuity of slips planes will ("stop"the

dislocations since they no longer have a place to move.

Thats why you can say that fine grain material have more grain boundary area to impede dislo-

cation in opposition to coarse grain ones which results on the first ones being stronger.

For many material the yield strength varies depending on the grain size.

1.2.3. Controlling Hardening and Grain material

Cold Work produces an increment on dislocation density and with that a microstructural change

(grain shape) as a result we obtain a harder material. We can revert that by applying the annealing

process.

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time 3

Review of Metallurgy: Strengthening mechanism for metals and alloys.

1.2.4. Annealing Process Figura 4: Annealing process

the Annealing process have these three following steps:

Figura 5: Annealing process diagram

Heating process: For metals we increase temperature around 0.3 - .05 t

m

Recovery: First step and changes on the microstructure of the material ( annihilation , rearran-

gement of dislocations, new sub grains)

Recrystallization: Nucleation and growth of strain free grains which replace the cold work

grains (high dislocation density) and uses the inner stored energy as a driving force. this steps

go until mechanical properties of the material are similar to the pre cold work (canceling the

effects of cold work)

Grain Growth: after Recrystallization material still at high temperature. grain boundary mi-

a

grate to reduce energy and small grains are . bsorbed"by bigger ones. as a consequence we

increase ductilibility by reducing other mechanical properties.

ING 500 Pasantía Full-Time 4

Introduction to material selection

1.3. solid solution Strengthening:

The ability to increase strength by adding atoms of other elements, some case show tho rise

ys up to 100 times like in the case of Al, Cu and Ni.

1.4. Precipitate Strengthening

2. Introduction to material selection

Material selection requires a systematic procedure since at the beginning of the design all ma-

terials are suitable but as requirement constrain only a small subset remains suitable. The metho-

dology must combine engineering performance with industrial design (shape, surface finish, color,

decoration, etc.) a good product not only provide functionality but assures users appeal.

2.1. Ashby methodology

it serves as a guide for designers, materials and process are mapped in