Esame English for economics and business

GLOSSARY

Asset-stripping buying a company cheaply and then selling all the businesses it owns to make a quick profit

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Auditor job is to examine a company’s financial records

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Cash flow movement of money into a business as income and out

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Commuting travelling a long distance to go to work

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Cross-functional doing di erent jobs and activities

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Disrupt start doing something in a new and more e ective way that changes how the industry does things

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EBIT earnings before interest and taxes

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End of play end of working day

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Go the extra mile try a little harder in order to achieve something

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Insolvent not having enough money to pay what you owe

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Law-abiding respectful of the law

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Line manager one level higher than you and is in charge of your work

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Limited partner someone who invests in a new business but does not have control of it

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Oversight mistake you forgot

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Real economy producing goods and services

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Redundancy someone has to leave their job because they are no longer needed

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Setback problem that delays or prevents progress

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Subsided government or an organization has paid for part of the cost

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Labor hard and manual work

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Yield produce profits

↦ GRAMMAR

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Subject + have/has + past participle

Used to talk about a situation or condition that began in the past and continues in the present – finished actions/

situations with unfinished time (for, since, how long, state verbs)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Subject + have/has + been + gerund

Used to talk about an action that began in the past and continues in the present – repeated past actions that have

consequences in the present

Tenses: this morning/ afternoon… - evening/ week/ month/ year… - so far/ up to now/ recently… - never/ ever/ yet/ just/

already

FUTURE TENSES

WILL: predictions (something we don’t know), sudden decisions, o erings

BE GOING TO: plans and intentions, evident predictions (something we know)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: arrangements, planned actions at a specific time

PRESENT SIMPLE: future events at a specific time

FUTURE CONTINUOUS: events that will be taking place at a particular time in the future (will+be+present participle)

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE: events which will be finished by a certain time (will+have+past participle)

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Subject + had + past participle

Used to talk about a completed action before another action happened in the past.

Used to talk about a condition or situation that began in the past and continued up to another point in the past. (state

verbs)

Used to talk about a finished past action with consequences in the past.

Used to say that something was hoped for/intended/expected but didn’t happen.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Subject + had + been + gerund

Used to talk about an action that began in the past and continued up to another point in the past. (for/since/how long)

Used to talk about a continuous past action which had been in progress up to a point in the past.

Used to talk about a long repeated past action which had consequences in the past.

PASSIVE TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE: is/are + past participle

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: is/are + being + past participle

PRESENT PERFECT: has/have + been + past participle

PAST SIMPLE: was/were + past participle

PAST CONTINUOUS: was/were + being + past participle

PAST PERFECT: had + been+ past participle

FUTURE PASSIVE – WILL: will + be + past participle

FUTURE PASSIVE – GOING TO: will + have + been + past participle

FUTURE PERFECT: will + have + been + past participle

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If + present simple + present simple

Uses: general truths, scientific facts

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If + present simple + future simple (will)

Uses: talk about future events that will happen or are likely to happen

SECOND CONDITIONAL

If + past simple + would/ could/ might + infinitive without verb

Uses: talk about future events that are imaginary or unlikely to happen

THIRD CONDITIONAL

If + past perfect + would/ could/ might + have + past participle

Uses: describe a situation that didn’t happen, and imagine the result of the situation

LINKERS INSTEAD OF “IF”: unless supposing/ suppose/ imagine, in case, once, as soon as, until, as long as, provided/

providing, on condition that…

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT REPORTED Present perfect Past perfect

Simple present Simple past Will Would

Simple past Past perfect simple Can could

Past continuous Past perfect continuous Present continuous Past continuous