Appunti Lingua inglese

IMPERATIVE

Positive form: Basic form of verb without other

Negative: don't (before basic verb form)

Let's + verb basic form (I'm included in the action)

INFINITIVE

Positive

Negative

present: At to follow basic form (to study, to eat)

past: At (to have studied, to have gone)

GERUNDIO

Important strong form in English, is a simplification of verbs

Present: basic verb in -ing (studying)

Past: have + past participle (having gone, having studied)

PARTICIPLE

Present: (included in gerund) that is studying

As gerund is followed by comma

In participle by adjective

Past: 3 column (given, had gone)

TO MIND (ti dispiace...?)

Slightly negative meaning, similar to annoying, to disturb

Mind + gerund

I don't mind being eaten

Do you mind if I smoke?

Do you mind smoking?

Do you mind not smoking?

(Note about gerund)

Gerund followed by comma is a verb

Gerund can be considered as a noun (listening=ascolto, parking=parcheggio)

PASSAGE

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

Who

What

Whom

Whose

Which

(chi) Used for people
(quale) Used to choose between this and that (which will you have?) or alone (which one=quale?)
(cosa) as pronoun
What happens?
What caused explosion?
WHAT and WHICH as adjective
What= for things
Which= for people and things
WHOSE as subjects and object
Whose+subject (whose pen?)
Whose is strictly connected with 'it is'
WHOM (object and preposition in very formal English)
Normal English= who did you see?
Very Formal English= whom did you see?
WHO Used for people as subject
'A person Who design...'
That is Used for things and people
'The person that lives here'
WHAT as relative pronoun subjects
What=the thing that
'What (the thing that) they said was unclear to me'
OMITTABLE
WHO/WHICH/THAT ARE (You can leave them out, toglierli)
The woman (who/that) I love is Mary
WHICH after comma:
A special use of 'Eventually she told me the truth, which was amazing'
WHAT AND HOW as exclamation pronouns
'What a

surprise!” (What+noun)“How nice” (how+adjective)Se uso aggettivo uso how, se uso nome uso what e posso affiancarlo da aggettivo: what a nice surprise.COMMA MAKES DIFFERENCECOMMA for a relative clauseThe person who/that I love is MaryThe person, who is entering the hall now, is Mary.Si enfatizza sulla persona usando la virgola.—————-Modal in nutshellCapacity and possibilityProbabilityUsed to, be used to, get used toMODALModals are a Group of defective verbs• no infinitive mode• No ‘s’ for he,she,it• No gerund• No participle• Linked to the verb• Self auxiliar (same capacity of be and have)GROUP OF MODALSPossibility and capacity = can and couldProbability and permission= may and mightDuty= must and shouldWill and duty= shall and willCANsimple presentIs (possibility, capacity and request)Can you drive?You can helpCOULD (past of can)simple past conditionalIs the andCould you help me?BE ABLE TO missing

to+verb=future perfect ABILITY Can simple present Can you swim? (Puoi nuotare?) Could past I could run fast when I was younger (Potevo correre veloce quando ero più giovane) COULD (conditional) I could help you if you need (Potrei aiutarti se hai bisogno) PERMISSION May simple present May I borrow your pen? (Posso prendere in prestito la tua penna?) Might past He might come to the party (Potrebbe venire alla festa) MIGHT (conditional) I might go to the concert if I have time (Potrei andare al concerto se ho tempo) DEDUCTION Must simple present You must be tired after a long day (Devi essere stanco dopo una lunga giornata) MUST (request of permission) Must I turn off the lights? (Devo spegnere le luci?) Must past She must have forgotten her keys (Deve aver dimenticato le chiavi) HABITS Used to past I used to play soccer when I was younger (Giocavo a calcio quando ero più giovane) Be used to present She is used to waking up early (È abituata a svegliarsi presto) Get used to present I'm getting used to the new job (Mi sto abituando al nuovo lavoro) DUTY Must simple present You must finish your homework before going out (Devi finire i compiti prima di uscire) MUST (deduction) There must be a mistake in the calculations (Deve esserci un errore nei calcoli) HAVE TO Having to present Having to study for exams can be stressful (Dovere studiare per gli esami può essere stressante) Having had to past Having had to work late, he missed the party (Dovendo lavorare fino a tardi, ha perso la festa) To have to present infinitive I have to go to the dentist tomorrow (Devo andare dal dentista domani) To have had to past infinitive She was disappointed to have had to cancel her trip (Era delusa di aver dovuto cancellare il suo viaggio) Had to simple past I had to leave early because of an emergency (Ho dovuto partire presto a causa di un'emergenza) Will have to future You will have to study hard for the exam (Dovrai studiare duro per l'esame) Will have had to future perfect By next year, she will have had to make a decision (Entro l'anno prossimo, dovrà aver preso una decisione)to+verb=future <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Will you study? - <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Dovresti studiare? to+verb=perfect future <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Will have had to+verb <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Should you have studied? - <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Avresti dovuto studiare? SHOULD conditional (dovrei) <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Should you study? - <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Dovresti studiare? SHALL/WILL for intentions <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Shall we go? <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Will you do it? CONCESSION CLAUSES <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Although <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Though <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Even if <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Even though <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Despite the fact that <span style="text-decoration: underline;">No matter <span style="text-decoration: underline;">However <span style="text-decoration: underline;">In spite of + gerund TIME CLAUSES <span style="text-decoration: underline;">After <span style="text-decoration: underline;">As <span style="text-decoration: underline;">As soon as/as long as <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Before <span style="text-decoration: underline;">No sooner...than <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Since <span style="text-decoration: underline;">While <span style="text-decoration: underline;">When <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Whenever <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Until <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Unless <span style="text-decoration: underline;">By the time RELATION CLAUSES She gave me a jumper (that) she had knitted herself... who whom that whose which what (in alternative of that in base alle regole di cui sopra) REASON CLAUSES Since it was very urgent, it was decided to break into the house... owing to due to Because of As Since PURPOSE CLAUSES He senthis sons to a boarding school (in order to) let them live in a community...in order to...so as...to...aimed at...aimed to...with the aim of RESULT CLAUSE Such/so...that They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house. NOUN CLAUSE It is + adjective ...that It’s nice that you are here WHAT DOES IT DEAL WITH? (a way to ask anything: it deals with...) WHAT IS IT MADE OF? (material) —————Verbs of will Make let and allow Have something done Prefer Would prefer Would rather VERBS OF WILL Want/would like Expect Recommend (+ personal pronoun object + to + verb) > must be omitted.. Order Establish Recommend= do you want me to do something for you? MAKE, LET, ALLOW (let something possible ) Make : you make me happy Let : let me enter Allow (permission) : I allow you to go + personal pronoun object + verbal form HAVE SOMETHING DONE Have + object + past participle To delegate someone to do something for me (qualcun altro fa qualcosa per me: parrucchiere, lavatore) She

had her hair cut

I went to have my car washed

PREFERENCE!

PREFER

Tell a preference of one’s own

I prefer to leave

WOULD PREFER

Would prefer+to and verb

Would rather+ verbal form (without to)

I would prefer to go by car

I would rather go by car (NO TO)

WISH: Would rather + new subject + past (I would rather stayed at home)

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DIRECT SPEECH

Asked/said/told

From a direct to a reported speech

My parents are well

Marc said that his parents were well (passato, was=were)

I’m going to learn to drive

Marc said that he was going to learn to drive (passato di I’m going=was going)

John has given up his job

Marc said that John had given up his job (p.perfect(has given)=past perfect(had given))

And how are you?

Mark asked me if I was (present=past)

Tuttto uguale all’italiano, ma il futuro nel passato cambia!

FUTURO NEL PASSATO (FUTURE IN THE PAST RULE)

Present: uso futuro

Past: uso present conditional

Ex= Marc says he will go abroad-Marc said he

would go abroad Marco dice che andrà all'estero Marco disse che sarebbe andato all'estero HAD BETTER FARESTI MEGLIO)(give advice, warning to other people, You had better watch your steps You had better to go Contracted form: I'd better tell the truth Indefinite adjectives and pronouns Invitation, acceptance and refusal INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE SOME - non si può contare An indefinite quantity (Some green salad) 1. Affermative sentence 2. Asking something 3. Offering something A LITTLE/A FEW - si può contare A LITTLE+singular noun (a little money) A FEW+ plural noun (few people) ANY - domande Questions, dubitative sentences and negative sentences She doesn't have any book NORisposte negative NON USO ANY, NE SOME There is no book here She doesn't have any book She hasn't any book INDEFINITE PRONOUN AND ADVERB Some/any/no: Body, thing, where Some/any: how, time INVITATION Formal invitation I was (attenzione! Past)

Wondering if you would like to... (was+ing....conditional)

Would you be interested in going to... (condizionale+past+ ing)

Informal invitation

How/what about + gerund (ing)

ACCEPTANCE AND REFUSAL

I'd love to

That's very kind of you

That sounds lovely

Sure/ great/cool

That's very kind of you but... I'd love to, but

I really don't think I can (pronunciare con la E)

I'm very sorry but I can't (pronunciare con la A)

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The conditional

1st level

2nd level

3rd level

Conditional are clausss meaning the reality, unreality, impossibility, something may happen

1 IPOTETIC PERIOD

If+ present...will (if you study ...you will pass the exam)

If+ present...imperative (if you know...tell me)

If+present...simple present (if you put water at 100... it boils)

2 LEVEL OR UNREALITY (Freathenong...)

If+past...would+verbal form(If you studied...you pass the exam)

3 LEVEL IMPOSSIBILITY

If+ past perfect...would+have+past participle (2)

colonna)(If you had studied you would have passed the exam - Auxiliar is ALWAYS HAVE, NEVER BE)PHRASAL VERBSAsk someone out (invite on a date); ask around(ask different people); add up to something(to combine); back something up (reverse), backSomeone diventa il soggetto, SONO 2 TIPISE sono gruppi di verbi con UNA preposizione: ask someone out (verb, complement, preposition)SE sono gruppi di verbi con DUE preposizioni: put up with -tolerate- (verb+ preposition+ preposition)—————— 15The impersonal Italian form vs the EnglishThe passivesTag and echo questionsEveryone, thing, whereIMPERSONALSi dice che verrà il