"BECAUSE I COULD NO STOP FOR DEATH"

death immortality.andPoem about There's probably a woman, a man, death and immortality.Death as a journey (cfr stanza 3)• Death is personi ed, conceived as a male = HE (*nella traduzione italiana la morte è una donna• - HE - HER a sort of possible erotic relationship between a man (death) and a woman (the lyrical I,maybe Dickens herself) -> corteggiamento tra I due, death as a gentleman that takes a girl outtowards eternity- 6 quatrains, 4 lines each- Solito alternarsi di versi con 4 stresses-3 stressesStanza 1: The poem starts with “Because” as if the author was looking for somethingStanza 2: The death and the woman are on the carriage, the woman had to leave her common things dueto the arrive of this man and to follow him.Stanza 3: Theme of death as a journey on a carriage, through the world. Starting from a physical worldwhich is the school. Children gives the idea of a romantic journey, what born

from love

MIDDLE OF THE POEM, BRIDGE

Stanza 4: Even if she’s death, she still feel human emotions (cold due to her clothes)

Stanza 5: Description of a natural house.

Stanza 6: Ma ogni secolo è più breve del giorno nel quale per la prima volta capii che le teste dei cavalli(della carrozza) erano volte all’eternità.

“I FELT A FUNERAL, IN MY BRAIN”

death madness.

Poem about andMadness= the mess of emotions and perceptions in the poem makes her loose her mind.

• Tension between the lyrical and the autobiographical I -> Lyrical I of death -> funeral described from the

• death point of view

FUNERAL -> Described from the point of view of the death + Description of the sounds

JOURNEY -> From the physical world to an extranatural/metaphysical world

- 5 quatrains, 20 lines

- Ryme structure (except for the last stanza)

Stanza 1

The rst “I” might be a mask, the narrative “I” has an emotive function.

We are inside the mind

andai giù e giù, lei percepisce di star entrando in un nuovo mondo,colpì un mondo (hell, quello che c’è negli inferi) e nì di conoscere, non seppi più niente.At the end nothing can be known. fi ffi 14 di 28

WALT WHITMAN (1819-1892)

He was born in NY, Long Island, in 1819.

He attended Brooklyn’s public school.

When he was 12 he begun to learn the printer’s work, he fell in love with the written world: he readveraciously Dante, Shakespeare and the Bible, the European masterpieces.

- Epic ambition is what those writers have in common.

- The divine comedy, was always considered an epic poem in the US

He worked as a printer in NY city. When he was 17 he begun his career as teacher, until 1841, when heturned to journalism as a full time career. He founded and co-founded several newspaper.

In 1855 the 5 years of the American Renascence ended. In this year he published the 1st edition of “Leavesof grass”, a collection of 12

untitled poems, but with a preface. It had a great success and in 1866 the 2nd edition was published. It contained 32 poems.

During his lifetime, he will continue redefine and define the volume, publishing several more editions.

During the war, as a journalist, he visited the wounded soldiers at NY city area hospital.

In December 1862 he took care of his wounded father, a fighting soldier for the union.

He stayed and worked in the hospital in Washington DC's area. He took a job as clerk for the federal office for investigation of Indian's affairs.

In 1873 he suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. He decided to move to New Jersey to his dying mother's house.

In 1882 a new edition of "Leaves of Grass" was published, and he gained enough money to buy a house in New Jersey.

In 1891 the "Death (edizione del letto di morte)" was released. In 1892 he died.

"Leaves of grass": He dedicated his life to the project of each leaf's completed system.

A system that couldn't exist with all the elements, at the same time• the single elements couldn't exist without being part of a system.

Symbolic representation of the title -> connected with “I America”, the first element of “I Hear America• Singing”.

Leaves: The plurality of man and women compose the unity of the US. The individual element that• compose the grass is the whole: ALLEGORY (extended metaphor, symbol composed of more symbol)- If we say that the grass is the USA, it’s another symbol and metaphor: ALLEGORY

WHITMAN’S STYLE AND INNOVATION

1st great innovator in American poetry: “Leaves of grass”

Whitman was considered as the he considered asa language experiment.- He uses a catalogue of words, slangs in order to become an American bard.- He wants to became a democratic speaker. Democracy represented by common and ordinary manand women, not heroes.

Whitman’s lines are very long, written in free verses.

No rimes or recurrent rhythmical structures • Irregularity of the stanzas. • He abandoned almost completely the syllabic verse. He embraced the prosody of the Bible. • He uses different features as parallelisms, repetitions (enriching a definition)... a list of elements forming a unit -> This innovation created an incantatory effect, a kind of prophecy. • He uses coordinated clauses, linked through a simple conjunction.

"I HEAR AMERICA SINGING" (1860)

Published in the 1st edition of "Leaves of Grass".

Themes

Harmonious vision of the country, - where ppl do honest, satisfying and meaningful works, and through work they participate in making the country great and powerful. - They celebrate their work in songs -> symbol of happiness - We have a catalogue of workers, they form the whole, a unity. - In the US individuality and unity are balanced. "Producing and reinforcing America" = idillic and idealized vision.

ffi 15 di 28- Their work is an important contribution for the American society: workers are worthy of a poem.They form the fabric of America, they are at the base of American's civilization, the working class allows the growth of the country.

Title "I Hear America Singing"

Key words in the title: Singing symbol go dignity, Personification of America as a human able to sing

Analysis

1 stanza, 11 lines, free verses.

• No specific rhythmic pattern
• No rhythmic structure
• "O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!" (1865) (Captain = Lincoln, tribute to him)

One of the 18th poems written with the background of the Civil War. NOT FIRST EDITION!

Poem inserted in the section "Drums taps".

This is an elegy: a funeral song -> the loss of Lincoln (figurative language to show respect)

Whitman admired Lincoln, and the fact that he won the world.

Even if Whitman wants to talk about common people, the hero here is Lincoln.

The lyrical I here is aware of

Lincoln’s importance: he sacri ces himself for the preservation of the unity, for the country itself.

Structure:

• 3 stanzas
• Yes rimes (AA, BB, CD, ED) -> double structure of rimes

Metaphors:

1. Captain = represent Lincoln
2. Trip = represent a fearful trip, which is civil war
3. Ship = represent the USA that has undergone the war

MARK TWAIN (1835-1910)

That was his pen name, his real one was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.

He grew up in Missouri, in the south, which inspired the setting of his novels.

He was a printer, typesetter, river boat pilot on the Mississippi, then headed west looking for gold in mines, so he got back to journalism. “The celebrated jumping frog of Calaveras Country” - humorous.

In 1865 he wrote a story “The adventures of Tom Sawyer”.

In 1876 he wrote humor satire.

He achieved great success. He was friends with presidents and other bigs.

Twain addressed aspects of American culture criticizing them with humor and satire.

Schiavitù

sono le sue preferite perché riescono a coinvolgere il lettore e a farlo ridere. L'umorismo è un elemento fondamentale nelle sue storie. - Utilizza spesso descrizioni forti ed evocative per creare immagini vivide nella mente del lettore. - Un altro elemento distintivo del suo stile è l'uso del dialetto. Ogni personaggio ha una voce distintiva e utilizza un linguaggio specifico che riflette la sua personalità e il suo background. - Twain è considerato un autore tipicamente americano perché le sue storie sono incentrate sull'esperienza americana e sulla vita quotidiana degli americani. - La sua scrittura è caratterizzata da un realismo vivido e da una satira pungente. Twain era interessato agli aspetti comuni della vita degli americani e li rappresentava in modo realistico e spesso ironico. - Twain credeva che i personaggi fossero più importanti della trama stessa. Era interessato a creare personaggi vividi e memorabili che potessero catturare l'attenzione del lettore. - Nel suo saggio "Come raccontare una storia e altri saggi", Twain descrive il suo stile di scrittura e le strategie che utilizza per coinvolgere il lettore. L'aspetto orale della letteratura americana è un elemento importante nella sua scrittura, poiché era un abile narratore e sapeva come coinvolgere il pubblico. In sintesi, Mark Twain è un autore che si distingue per il suo umorismo, le descrizioni vivide, l'uso del dialetto e il suo realismo satirico. Le sue storie sono incentrate sull'esperienza americana e sui personaggi che la popolano. Twain è considerato uno dei grandi autori americani e la sua scrittura ha influenzato molti scrittori successivi.sono americane, le comiche inglesi e quelle intelligenti francesi.- Le storie umoristiche non devono avere un ne, mentre le storie inglesi e francesi giungono sempre ad un punto, un momento in cui tutti ridono.- La storia umoristica è un'opera d'arte. Cosa Americana creata in America.- È raccontata in tono serio, devi fingere che non ci sia nulla di divertente; mentre in quelle inglese e francese viene detto subito e chi racconta la storia è il primo a ridere.

THE WOUNDED SOLDIER

story within an essay- How not to tell a story -> twain la racconta come una cosa che non funziona, non fa ridere!

THE GOLDEN ARM [horror story]

A man wants the golden arm of his dead wife. Il fantasma della moglie entra nella camera cercando