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English Romanticism: between the French Revolution and the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837. Romanticism valued the subjective and irrational parts of human nature: emotion, imagination, introspection and relationship with nature. That expressed in various ways. There was a growing interest in humble and everyday life and great attention for the countryside as a place where there could still be a relationship whit nature. The Romantics thought that the universe was expanding, that it was organic and alive. They saw the individual essentially in a solitary state; they exalted the atypical, the outcast, and the rebel. In English literature, there were two great generations of poets: Wordsworth and Coleridge in the first; Byron, Shelley and Keats in the second.WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
Was born in Cumberland in 1770. He was educated in Cambridge. His experience in Revolutionary France filled him with enthusiasm for democratic ideals. The despair and disillusionment of these years were healed by contact with nature. In 1795, he went to leave with his sister in Dorset and he moved to Somerset to be near Coleridge. They produced a collection of poems called Lyrical Ballads, which appeared anonymously in 1798. In 1802 William married masterpiece “The Prelude”, a long autobiographical poem in 14 books, subtitled “Growth of a Poet’s Mind”, published only after his death. Wordsworth was interested in the relationship between the natural world and human consciousness. His poetry offers complex interaction between man and nature. One of the most consistent concepts in Wordsworth’s work is the idea that man and nature are inseparable. He becomes a teacher who shows men how to understand their feelings and improve their moral being. Drawing attention to the ordinary things of live where the deepest emotions and truths are to be found. Died in 1850.
I gazed--and gazed--but little thought gioia:
What wealth the show to me had un poeta non poteva nn essere allegro,
brought: in così allegra compagnia:
io guardavo e guardavo ma pensai subito
For oft, when on my couch I lie quale benessere la visione mi aveva
In vacant or in pensive mood, portato:
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude; Poichè quando mi stendo sul mio divano
And then my heart with pleasure fills, apatico o di cattivo umore
And dances with the daffodils. loro brillano sulla memoria
che è la felicità della solitudine
e così il mio cuore si riempie di piacere
e balla con i narcisi.
Stanza 1 Setting and “shock” at the scene
Stanza 2 Description of the flowers
Stanza 3 Relationship between the flowers and the poet, the emotions of the poet
(in the moment of the vision)
Stanza 4 recollected in tranquility, consequences of the experience
Emotion
CANTO NOTTURNO DI UN PASTORE ERRANTE DELL’ASIA: (Leopardi). La lirica
consiste in un lungo monologo di un essere umano (il pastore) che si rivolge
direttamente alla luna. Nel canto il pastore errante pone diverse domande alla luna
sulla vita e sull’ esistenza dell’essere umano. E’ la confidente del pastore, raccoglie i
suoi dubbi e le sue preoccupazioni, sembra essere una presenza consolatrice anche se
non può (o non vuole) dare risposte alle domande che le vengono rivolte. Questo
canto mette in risalto la teoria del pessimismo cosmico.
MY HEART LEAPS UP:
English Italian
MY heart leaps up when I behold Il mio cuore sussulta quando contemplo
A rainbow in the sky: un arcobaleno nel cielo:
So was it when my life began, così era quando la mia vita è cominciata,
So is it now I am a man, così è ora che sono un uomo,
So be it when I shall grow old, così sarà quando crescerò (quando sarò
Or let me die! vecchio).
The child is father of the man: O lasciami morire!
And I could wish my days to be Il bambino è il padre dell'uomo:
Bound each to each by natural piety. e desidererei che i miei giorni siano
legati
l'un l'altro da una naturale pietà
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE
Was born in Devonshire in 1772. He was influenced by French Revolutionary ideals.
After the disillusionment with the French Revolution, he planned to establish a utopian
community in Pennsylvania (“Pantisocracy”). In 1797 he met the poet Wordsworth;
together they published the collection “Lyrical Ballads”. He died in 1834. He stressed
the role of the imagination. He distinguished between “primary” and “secondary”
imagination. Primary imagination as a fusion of perception and the human individual
power to produce images. Secondary imagination was something more. His
contemplation of nature was always accompanied by the awareness of the presence of
the ideal in the real. Did not identify nature with the divine.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798): the ballad is made up of seven parts and is
set in a boundless sea with days of pitiless sun and night lit by the moon. The
atmosphere is mysterious because of the combination of the supernatural and the
real. The Mariner are hardly character. He does not speak as a moral agent; he is
passive in guilt and remorse. This poem contains the combination of dialogue and
narration, the four-line stanza; the theme of travel and wandering; and supernatural
elements.
THE KILLING OF THE ALBATROSS:
English Italian
It is an ancient Mariner, È un vecchio marinaio, e ferma uno dei
And he stoppeth one of three. tre convitati: «Per la tua lunga barba
«By thy long grey beard and glittering grigia e il tuo occhio scintillante, e
eye, perchè ora mi fermi?
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?
The Bridegroom’s doors are opened Le porte del Fidanzato son già tutte
wide, aperte, e io sono il più stretto parente; i
And I am next of kin ; convitati son già riuniti, il festino è
The guests are met, the feast is set: servito, tu puoi udirne di qui l’allegro
May’st hear the merry din.» rumore.»
He holds him with his skinny hand, Ma egli lo trattiene con mano di
«There was a ship,» quoth he. scheletro. «C’era una volta un
«Hold off ! unhand me, grey-beard bastimento …» comincia a dire.
loon !» «Lasciami, non mi trattener più, vecchio
Eftsoons his hand dropt he. vagabondo dalla barba brizzolata!» E
quello immediatamente ritirò la sua
mano.
He holds him with his glittering eye—
The Wedding-Guest stood still, Ma con l’occhio scintillante lo attrae e lo
And listens like a three years’ child: trattiene. E il Convitato resta come
The Mariner hath his will. paralizzato, e sta ad ascoltare come un
bambino di tre anni: il vecchio Marinaro è
The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone: padrone di lui.
He cannot choose but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man, Il Convitato si mise a sedere sopra una
The bright-eyed Mariner pietra: e non può fare a meno di
«The ship was cheered, the harbour ascoltare attentamente. E cosí parlò
cleared, allora quel vecchio uomo, il Marinaro dal
Merrily did we drop magnetico sguardo:
Below the kirk, below the hill, «La nave, salutata, avea già lasciato il
Below the light-house top. porto, e lietamente filava sull’onde, sotto
la chiesa, sotto la collina, sotto l’alto
The Sun came upon the left, fanale.
Out of the sea came he!
And the shone bright, and on the right
Went down into the sea. Il Sole si levò da sinistra, si levò su dal
mare. Brillò magnificamente, e a destra
Higher and higher every day, ridiscese nel mare
Till over the mast at noon—»
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon. Ogni di piú alto, sempre più alto finchè
The bride hath paced into the hall, diritto sull’albero maestro, a
Red as a rose is she; mezzogiorno …» Il Convitato si batte il
Nodding their heads before her goes petto impaziente, perchè sente risuonare
The merry minstrelsy. il grave trombone.
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast, La Sposa si è avanzata nella sala: essa è
Yet he cannot choose but hear; vermiglia come una rosa; la precedono,
And thus spake on the ancient man, movendo in cadenza la testa, i gai
The bright-eyed Mariner, musicanti.
Il Convitato si percuote il petto, ma non
«And now the storm-blast came, and he può fare a meno di stare a udire il
Was tyrannous and strong: racconto. E così seguitò a dire
He struck with his o’ertaking wings, quell’antico uomo, il Marinaro dall’occhio
And chased us south along. brillante.
With sloping masts and dipping prow, «Ed ecco che sopraggiunse la burrasca, e
As who pursued with yell and blow fu tirannica e forte. Ci colpì con le sue
Still treads the shadow of his foe, irresistibili ali, e, insistente, ci cacciò
And forward bends his head, verso sud.
The ship drove fast, loud roared the
blast,
And southward aye we fled. Ad alberi piegati, a bassa prora, come chi
ha inseguito con urli e colpi pur corre a
And now there come both mist and snow, capo chino sull’orma del suo nemico, la
And it grew wondrous cold: nave correva veloce, la tempesta ruggiva
And ice, mast-high, came floating by, forte, e ci s’inoltrava sempre piú verso il
As green as emerald. sud.
And through the drifts the snowy clifts
Did send a dismal sheen: Poi vennero insieme la nebbia e la neve;
Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken— si fece un freddo terribile: blocchi di
The ice was all between. ghiaccio, alti come l’albero della nave, ci
galleggiavano attorno, verdi come
The ice was here, the ice was there, smeraldo.
The ice was all around :
It cracked and growled, and roared and E traverso il turbine delle valanghe, le
howled, rupi nevose mandavano sinistri bagliori:
Like noises in a swound! non si vedeva più forma o di bestia —
ghiaccio solo da per tutto.
At lenght did cross an Albatross,
Thorough the fog it came;
As if it had been a Christian soul, Il ghiaccio era qui, il ghiaccio era là, il
We hailed it in God’s name. ghiaccio era tutto all’intorno:
scricchiolava e muggiva, ruggiva ed
It hate the food in ne’er had eat, urlava. come i rumori che si odono in una
And round and round it flew. sincope.
The ice did split with a thunder-fit;
The heilmsman steered us through! Alla fine un Albatro passò per aria, e
venne a noi traverso la nebbia. Come se
And a good south wind sprung up fosse stato un’anima cristiana, lo
behind; salutammo nel nome di Dio.
The Albatross did follow,
And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariners’ hollo! Mangiò del cibo che gli demmo, benchè
nuovo per lui; e ci volava e rivolava
In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud, d’intorno. Il ghiaccio a un tratto si ruppe,
It perched for vespers nine; e il pilota potè passare fra mezzo.
Whiles all the night, through the fog-
smoke white,
Glimmered the white moon-shine.» E un buon vento di sud ci soffiò alle
spalle, e l’Albatro ci teneva dietro; e ogni
«God save thee, ancient Mariner! giorno veniva a mangiare o scherzare
From the fiends, that plague thee thus!— sul bastimento, chiamato e salutato
Why look’st thou so?» —With my cross- allegramente dai marinari.
bow
I shot the Albatross Tra la nebbia o tra ’l nuvolo, su l’albero o
su le vele, si appollaiò per nove sere di
seguito; mentre tutta la notte attraverso
un bianco vapore splendeva il bianco
lume di luna.»
«Che Dio ti salvi, o Marinaro, dal
demonio che ti tormenta! — Perchè mi
guardi cosí, Che cos’hai?» — «Con la mia
balestra, io ammazzai l’ Albatro!
THE NAPOLEONIC WARS: the French Revolution was followed by Napoleon’s ascent.
In 1793 France declare war and Britain decided to fight France at sea. Hero of the
British navy was Nelson. The total defeat of Napoleon happened in 1815 at the battle
of Waterloo, in Belgium. Victory over France. The acquisition of the Cape of Good
Hope, Trinidad, Singapore, Ceylon and Malta. Britain’s internal situations was far from
happy. In 1807 the abolition of slave trading with British ship. In 1819 soldiers fired
into a crowd and eleven people were killed in the so-called “Peterloo Massacre”.
GEORGE GORDON BYRON:
Was born in 1788. He began to write at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1807 he
published Hours of Idleness, lyric poems. He wrote first two cantos of Childe Harold’s
Pilgrimage. His reputation increased when I published a series of verse narratives, The
Giaour, The Corsair and Lara. In 1815 Byron married Anabella Milbanke, but the
marriage collapsed. Surrounded by scandal and debts, he left England in 1816 never
to return. He lived in Geneva and wrote the third canto of Childe Harold. Then he
moved to Venice, where he produced the fourth and last canto of Childe Harold, the
tragedy Manfred and the Don Juan. He died in 1824, struck by a severe fever. His heart
buried in Greece and his body in England. He denounced the evils of society by using
th
the witty style of 18 century poetry to convey a satirical aim. However, his mood and
choice of his themes were Romantic.
NATURE : the romantic poets of the first generation gave importance to nature.
Wordsworth considered nature as a source of joy. Nature was apprehended by
Coleridge from a pantheistic dimension. For him nature was the representation of
God’s will and love. The poets of the second generation were attracted to the beauty
of nature. For Byron was the companion of his loneliness. For Shelley was pervaded by
a guiding power leading man to love. Keats thought of natural phenomena as
therapeutic to human health.
APOSTROPHE TO THE OCEAN:
English Italian
There is a pleasure in the pathless C’è un piacere nei boschi senza sentieri,
woods, C’è un’estasi sulla riva solitaria,
There is a rapture on the lonely shore, C’è società, dove niente si intromette,
There is society where none intrudes, Accanto al mare profondo, e la musica
By the deep sea, and music in its roar: nel suo ruggito: Non (per questo) amo
I love not man the less, but Nature l’uomo meno, ma (amo) la Natura di più,
more, Da queste nostre comunicazioni, nelle
From these our interviews, in which I quali io rubo Da tutto (ciò) che io possa
steal essere, o sia stato prima, Mischiarmi con
From all I may be, or have been before, l’Universo, e sentire ciò che non posso