Concetti Chiave
- The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther in Germany and John Calvin in Switzerland, while Henry VIII initiated the English Reformation for personal reasons.
- Henry VIII's desire for a male heir led to his break with the Catholic Church after Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage.
- The English Reformation established the Church of England, independent from Rome, with Henry VIII as its head through the Act of Supremacy.
- Under Edward VI, the Anglican Church adopted Protestant practices, emphasizing personal Bible study and reducing priestly hierarchy.
- Elizabeth I's Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity aimed to balance Catholic and Protestant extremes, allowing moderate followers from both sides to coexist.
L'inizio della Riforma protestante
The Protestant Reformation in Germany started with the doctrines of Martin Luther and in Switzerland with John Calvin. Henry VIII didn’t wish to transform England into a Protestant country in fact he was also honored by the Pope with the title Fidei Defensor. But his wife was too old to give him a son and Henry VIII needed a male heir so asked Pope Clement VII to declare this marriage invalid. Clement didn’t agree and refused. Henry’s new mistress, Ann Boleyn, was pregnant so the only way to legitimate male heir was to marry her.
La nascita della Chiesa anglicana
Henry was excommunicated by the Pope and then he declared himself with the Act of Supremacy “Head of the Church”. The break from Rome was legitimized by Parliament which established the supremacy of the State over the Church. Then the Bible was translate in English so the new Anglican Church was born. It was independent but the dogma was similar of Cristian’s dogma. After, under King of Edward VI, Anglican Church became Protestant in fact the Act of Uniformity enforced the use of the English book of Prayer instead of the Latin missal. The reading of the Bible became the central key to salvation. Without the hierarchy of the priesthood, the people had responsibility for their own salvation through studying the Bible and devout life.
Il ritorno al cattolicesimo con Maria I
Mary I forced the people to attend mass again to accept the authority of the Pope over the Church of England. Acts of Supremacy and uniformity of Elizabeth I avoided the extremes of Catholic and Protestant. She was supreme Governor of the Church and her Book of Common Prayer was written so that moderate Catholics and Protestants could both read into it what they wanted.
Domande da interrogazione
- Quali furono le cause principali della nascita della Chiesa anglicana?
- Come si evolse la Chiesa anglicana sotto Edoardo VI e Maria I?
- Qual era l'approccio di Elisabetta I nei confronti delle tensioni religiose?
La Chiesa anglicana nacque principalmente perché Enrico VIII voleva un erede maschio e il Papa Clemente VII rifiutò di annullare il suo matrimonio. Di conseguenza, Enrico si dichiarò "Capo della Chiesa" con l'Atto di Supremazia, rompendo con Roma.
Sotto Edoardo VI, la Chiesa anglicana divenne protestante con l'Atto di Uniformità che impose l'uso del libro di preghiere in inglese. Maria I, invece, cercò di riportare l'autorità del Papa, costringendo la popolazione a partecipare alla messa cattolica.
Elisabetta I adottò un approccio moderato, evitando gli estremi cattolici e protestanti. Con gli Atti di Supremazia e Uniformità, cercò di creare un equilibrio, permettendo a cattolici e protestanti moderati di interpretare il suo libro di preghiere secondo le proprie convinzioni.
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