Concetti Chiave
- The Black Death, a bubonic plague spread by rat fleas, led to high mortality and depopulation in England, with significant economic impacts such as doubled food prices and demands for higher wages.
- The aftermath of the Black Death saw landowners shifting towards sheep farming for wool production, which was extensively traded across Europe.
- Lollardy, a religious reformist movement led by John Wycliffe, challenged the Church's teachings, particularly the doctrine of transubstantiation, and gained support from non-academics and lesser clergy.
- The Peasants' Revolt in 1381 was fueled by discontent over a new poll-tax, leading to violent uprisings and broken promises from the king and barons, with leaders like Wat Tyler facing severe repercussions.
- The 14th century saw the rise of a new middle class, with yeomen benefiting from increased food prices and sheep farming, while guilds emerged to regulate trade, quality, and labor conditions.
Black Death
Black death was a bubonic plague spread all over England; It was called Black death because the body went dark after death. It was caused by fleas of rats; the mortality was very high and some villages were depopulated. Finally the food prices doubled in a single year and labourers demanded on higher wages.
The spread of Black death influenced the economy, in fact lords began to use their lands for sheep farming to produce a wool that was trade to all Europe.
People though that the black death was a punishment from God to the Church in fact abbots and bishops were great landowners but the didn’t help pour people.
Lollardy
In the 14th century there was an important religion reformist movement called “Lollardy”; the leader of this movement was John Wycliffe who condemned the doctrine of transubstantiation of the bread and wine of the Eucharist. This movement was supported by non-academics, merchants and lesser clergy.
Peasants revolt
Under Richard II the first Parliament levied a new tax called “poll-tax” on every person older then fourteen; lay people paid 4 pence instead clergy paid 12 pence. This tax caused the discontent of people that exploded in the “peasants revolt” of the 1381. The rebels burned the document that maintained the ties to the lend and lords. The leaders were John Ball and Wat Tyler who was killed in the meeting with king. The king and the barons promised to help them but they didn’t respect these promises and punished the rebels.
New middle class
In the 14th was born new middle class. The freemen who owned land, called “yeomen”, profited from higher food prices, and sheep farmers made money from the wool and created new jobs like spinners, dyres and weavers.
The worker were organised in groups called “guilds” based of payment of their members; they controlled the quality of goods, regulated prices and wages, organised fairs and in the feast days prepared a theatre place from biblical events
Domande da interrogazione
- Quali furono le conseguenze economiche della Peste Nera in Inghilterra?
- Chi era il leader del movimento Lollardo e quale dottrina condannava?
- Quali furono le cause e le conseguenze della rivolta dei contadini del 1381?
La Peste Nera causò un aumento dei prezzi alimentari e una richiesta di salari più alti da parte dei lavoratori. I signori iniziarono a utilizzare le loro terre per l'allevamento di pecore per produrre lana da commerciare in tutta Europa.
Il leader del movimento Lollardo era John Wycliffe, che condannava la dottrina della transustanziazione del pane e del vino dell'Eucaristia.
La rivolta dei contadini fu causata dall'introduzione di una nuova tassa chiamata "poll-tax". I ribelli bruciarono documenti che mantenevano i legami con la terra e i signori. Nonostante le promesse del re e dei baroni, i ribelli furono puniti e le promesse non furono mantenute.
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