Concetti Chiave
- Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to a liquid surface is transmitted equally throughout the liquid.
- Stevin's law explains that pressure in a fluid column is directly proportional to its depth, with a formula P = d*g*h.
- According to Archimedes' principle, an immersed body experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, influencing whether it floats or sinks.
- States of matter include solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, with transitions requiring energy changes, like fusion, vaporization, and sublimation.
- Energy change during state transitions involves latent heat, with temperature remaining constant until reaching critical temperature, calculable using specific formulas.
Physics
Pascal’s principle
Principio di Pascal
The pression exerted on the surface of a liquid is transmitted without changes in all the liquid.
Stevin
The law states that given a fluid of constant density, the pressure exerted by a column of fluid in a point of its depth h is directly proportional to h,
P= d*g*h
being the acceleration of gravity g = 9.8 m / s ².
d= P/h*g
h= P/d*g
Archimedes’ principle
Principio di Archimede
When a body is wholly or partly immersed in a fluid it experiences a upward force (upthrust) equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
With reference to the density of an object we can say that:
1. If the density of the fluid is greater than or equal than the density of the object, the object floats
2. If the density of the fluid is lower than the density of the object, the object sinks.
States of Matter
Stati della materia
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma (ionized gas at a very high temperature)
changes of state
Solid Liquid = FUSION
Liquid Gas = VAPORATION
Gas Liquid = CONDENSATION
Liquid Solid = SOLIDIFICATION
Solid Gas = SUBLIMATION
Cambiamenti di stato
To change its states matter must lose or gain energy in the form of heat
The energy needed per unit of mass is called the latent heat
To measure the quantity of energy we need to change the state we have to multiply the latent heat of that substance for the mass we have, this in case the object is already at its temperature.
E=m*L m=mass; L= latent heat
During this process remember that the temperature remains constant.
If the substance is not at its critical temperature, we must reach that temperature to allow the beginning of the change of state.
The energy we need to reach is the critical temperature; it can be calculated using this formula:
Q= E = m*c*Δt c= specific heat capacity; Δt= difference between final and initial temperature
Δt= Q/m*c
m= Q/c* Δt
m= Q/c* Δt J/ (J/Kg*K°)K°= Kg
Domande da interrogazione
- ¿Qué establece el principio de Pascal sobre la presión en un líquido?
- ¿Cómo se determina si un objeto flota o se hunde según el principio de Arquímedes?
- ¿Qué ocurre con la temperatura durante el cambio de estado de una sustancia?
El principio de Pascal establece que la presión ejercida sobre la superficie de un líquido se transmite sin cambios en todo el líquido.
Según el principio de Arquímedes, un objeto flota si la densidad del fluido es mayor o igual a la del objeto, y se hunde si la densidad del fluido es menor que la del objeto.
Durante el cambio de estado de una sustancia, la temperatura permanece constante mientras se absorbe o libera energía en forma de calor.
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