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The Celts
- 700 BC (a.c) from north-west Germany to Britain.
Describing Celts: traders
- Emotional, passionate, heroic and wild.
- Proud, inventive, battle-loving.
- They farmers and traders and also did come agriculture.
- They traded metals, salt, pottery, glass and coin ornaments.
Family : clann
- The family was knows as a clan.
- Extended family of generations.
- Group members were responsible for everyone in the clann.
- They lived in huts made of wicker (vimini).
Education
- “Beul aithris” (oral tradition) was passed down by grandparents, aunts, uncles, parents, forster parents.
- Children would be raised by another family “foster parents” to get educated in a certain trade.
- Foster parents (fratello della madre) were usually the brother of the birth-mother.
Hospitality : an important value
- When the clann had guests, they did the best they could.
- Guests would make an offering.
- Guests would be expected to sing, play a tune (tipo mandolino) or tell a tale.
Marriage and Women
- The oaths (giuramento) are the only religious part of marriage which are specified by the marriage contract.
- Women were equal to men.
- They could own property, choose own husbands, and be war leaders.
- Equal part in putting together the marriage contract.
Celtic Sacrifice
- They believed in life after death “otherworld”.
- To be killed or to kill was not thought of as a negative act.
- It would give honor to the victim.
- It crops were failing or animals were falling to disease they would offer human blood to insure health of the population.
- Human sacrifices were made to insure a successful battled.
Druids (stregoni, e amministratori, erano gli unici che sapevano scrivere)
- Druids “very knowledgeable one” were important to the Celtic culture.
- They could stop a battle.
- Responsibilities included: teaching the religious doctrine, medicine, civil justice, sacrifice, divination, and care of temples.
- To become a druid, school would take up to 20 years because it all had to be memorized.
- They performed animal and human sacrifices and practiced divination and other forms of magic.
Religion
- Believe in the “otherworld”.
- Their lives were a dangerous journey toward death.
- The circle on the cross in the halo of the Christ figure.
- They built monastic communities in a circular design.
HENRY II
Is the first king of Plantagenet Dinasty.
1. Send judges in all the country because he want that in all the country the low is
equal, and then he do the common law.
2. He changed the feudal system, because the barons in exchange for a land
swore allegiance, but when they had to go to battle did not go, so Henry
decided to put taxes on their land in order to pay the mercenaries.
3. Henry II also wants to reduce the power of the church. So put in power an
archbishop (his friend) Thomas Becket. He became the first opponent of the
King (martyr and a saint), and when he heard Henry II sent four knights to kill
him. (December 1170)
4. The tomb of Thomas Becket became a place of pilgrimage to Canterbury.
MAGNA CARTA
1. It 's very important because it is the first English monarchical constitution.
(1215)
2. The Magna Carta was signed between John Lackland and the Barons, because
he after losing possidimenti Normandy in France and also put high taxes both
the barons and the peasants. The barons revolted concluding this paper
stipulated that the king could not condemn anyone, and even raise taxes or
otherwise without first having received the consent of the council.
THE BLACK DEATH
1. The Black Death came with the development of commercial travel, (1348) was
carried by the parasites that were rats in ships, and was called the Black Death
because the body after death became black.
JOHN WYCLIFFE AND LOLLARDY
1. John Wycliffe is the leader of a religious movement that became known as
Lollardy, was a group of people who did not want corruption.
TRADE GUILDS
1. Are organizations made up of artisans and merchants who controlled the quality
of goods, prices, and controlled apprenticeships.
THE MEDIAVAL BALLAD
1. It 's called because it was a ballad poem with musical accompaniment, has
alternate rhymes, there are the refrain that help the memorization of poetry and
fun themes that speak of talking animals ghosts, love and tragedy.
LORD RANDAL
Lord Randal is a ballad that speaks of love and a domestic tragedy, is a comic ballad
because the mother does not care about the child who is dying but what bequeaths to
his mother, his brother and sister.
Plays a lot with the repetitions and the choruses.
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