Riassunto esame Lingua e Traduzione Inglese 3, professoressa D'Antonio, libro consigliato "Pragmatics & Discourse"

PRAGMATICS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

study language's relation to contextual background features: they both study:

1. CONTEXT - points of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world --> SHARED ASSUMPTIONS (between speakers and between speakers and words)
2. DISCOURSE - how stretches of language become meaningful and unified for their users (DISCOURSE = COHERENCE)
3. COHESION - how words relate to each other within the text
4. How the assumption of relevance holds the text together meaningfully (RELEVANCE THEORY)
5. FUNCTION - purposes in speaking --> goals in interaction (SPEECH ACT THEORY)

Discourse analysis emphasizes the STRUCTURE/organization/exchange structures. Pragmatics focuses on the SOCIAL PRINCIPLES of discourse.

CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE (relevant, precise, clear) POLITENESS PRINCIPLE (indirections)

1. CONTEXT (physical and social world; deals with the meaning of words)
2. SITUATIONAL - immediate physical co-presence, the situation where the interaction is taking place at the moment of speaking. (A picture adds a visible situational context "Thus")
3. BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE CONTEXT (what speakers know about each other and the world) - CULTURAL - general knowledge that people of the same group (values from experiences) share. - MUTUAL - social groups known as COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE (shared knowledge acquired through verbal interactions of the past)
4. INTERPERSONAL - personal knowledge acquired through verbal interactions of the past
5. CO-TEXTUAL CONTEXT - what speakers know about what they have been saying is the context of the text (the CO-TEXT itself)

REFERENCE - using language to refer to entities in the context, enabling the hearers to identify something.

REFERRING EXPRESSIONS - linguistic forms to enable the hearers to identify the entity being referred to (REFERENT)

EXIS - words that point to the entity that they refer to (meaning from the context)

1. PERSON - point to a person (we, you, they...)
2. PLACES - point to a location (here, there, that...)
3. TIME - point to a time (then, now...)

obliviously

PRAGMATICS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

study language's relation to contextual background features: they both study:

1. CONTEXT
   • points of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world
   • low stretches of language become meaningful and unified forms
2. DISCOURSE & use of the lang
   • hears words (DISCOURSE = COHERENCE)
   • PRAGMATICS = RELEVANCE
   • COHESION: how words relate to each other within the text
3. FUNCTION
   • purposes in speaking = goals in interaction
   • Discourse analysis emphasizes the STRUCTURE/organization/exchange structures.
   • Pragmatics focus on the SOCIAL PRINCIPLES of discourse

CONTEXT (physical and social world, deals with the meaning of words)

• SITUATIONAL > immediate physical co-presence
• BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE CONTEXT: what speakers know about each other and the world
• CULTURAL = general knowledge
• members of the same group (voices)
• INTERPERSONAL: reasonably acquired through verbal interactions of the past
• CO-TEXTUAL CONTEXT: what speakers know about what they have been saying

REFERENCE = using language to refer to entities in the context, enabling the hearer to identify something.

• REFERRING EXPRESSIONS: linguistic forms to enable the hearer to identify the entity being referred to (REFERENT).
• DEIXIS = words that point to the entity that they refer to (meaning from the context)
• 1. PERSON > point to a person (we, you, they --)
• 2. PLACES > point to a location (here, there, that --)
• 3. TIME > point to a time (then, now --)

REFERENCE

EXOPHORIC REFERENCE depends on the context outside the text, the referring expression = is the first mention of the referent.

INTERTEXTUALITY = external of the background knowledge (cultural, newspaper etc.)

2) ENDOPHORIC REFERENCE referring within the same text

- GRAMMATICAL COHESION: What makes the text together

• Referring expressions in COHESIVE with the previous mention of the referent in the text, when they're linked together within the context

ANAPHORA - pronouns link back against something that went before

CATAPHORA - pronoun link forward (e.g. a referent that FOLLOWS that)

ASSOCIATIVE (between endophora and exophora)

ENDOPHORA = noun phrases, are not linked explicitly to each other

PRESUPPOSITIONAL

• SUBSTITUTION - noun within the text vs