Riassunto esame lettorato inglese 1 e 2, docente Tucker, testo consigliato English File

ESEMPI QUANDO SI USA AVVERBI TEMPI VERBALI

 azione unica/ripetuta nel  ALWAYS, EVERY, NEVER,

presente/abitudini giornaliere;

A: He plays NORMALLY, AFTER, SELDOW,

 di validità generale;

N: He doesn’t play SOMETIMES, USUALLY; SIMPLE PRESENT (presente)

 azioni consecutive; 

I: Does he play? Frase con IF (primo congiuntivo)

 azioni determinate nel futuro (IF I TALK…)

(orari di partenza)

 Azione in corso di svolgimento

nel momento in cui si sta

A: He is playing  AT THE MOMENT, JUST, JUST PRESENT CONTINUOUS (forma

parlando,

N: He is not playing NOW, RIGHT NOW. progressiva del presente)



I: Is he playing? Azione limitata nel tempo;

 Azione pianificata nel futuro

 Azione unica/ripetuta nel  YESTERDAY, 2 YEARS AGO, IN

passato, 1990, THE OTHER DAY, LAST



A: He played Azioni che si susseguono nel FRIDAY;

N: He did not play PAST SIMPLE (passato)

passato,  Frase con IF (secondo



I: Did he play? Un’azione nuova che congiuntivo)

interrompe lo svolgimento di (IF I TOLD).

un’azione in corso

 Azione in corso di svolgimento

nel passato,

A: He was playing  Azioni che si svolgono PAST CONTINUOUS (forma progressiva

N: He was not playing  WHEN, WHILE, AS LONG AS. del passato)

contemporaneamente,

I: Was he playing?  Azione in corso che viene

interrotta da un’azione nuova

 Per sottolineare il risultato 

finale/la fine di un’azione; ALREADY, EVER, JUST, NEVER,

A: He has played  Azione passata che dura fino al NOT YET, SO FAR, TILL NOW, UP

N: He has not played PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (perfetto)

presente, TO HOW.

I: Has he played?  Azione appena compiuta con

influenza sul presente;

 Azione che, al momento del

parlare, si è svolta: mai, una

volta o ripetutamente.

 Viene sottolineata l’azione e 

non il suo risultato finale, ALL DAYS, FOR 3 YEARS, SINCE

A: He has been playing  Azione che inizia nel passato e PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (forma

1993, HOW LONG?, THE WHOLE

N: He has not been playing progressiva del perfetto)

che continua fino al presente; WEEK.

I: has he been playing?  Azione compiuta nel passato

con influenze nel presente.

 Azione che si svolge prima di un  ALREADY, JUST, NEVER, NOT

determinato evento nel passato, YET, ONCEUTIL THAT DAY,



A: He had played A volte si usa al posto del PAST  PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (trapassato

Frase con IF (terzo congiuntivo)

N: He had not played PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, prossimo)

(IF I HAD TOLD)



I: Had he played? Sottolinea che un’azione si è

svolta prima di un determinato

momento nel passato.

 Azione che si svolge prima di un

determinato evento nel passato,

A: He had been playing  

A volte si usa al posto del PAST FOR, SINCE, THE WHOLE DAY, PAST PERFECET PROGRESSIVE (forma

N: He had not been playing PERFECT SIMPLE, ALL DAY. progressiva del trapassato)

I: Had he been playing?  Sottolinea l’azione stessa e la

sua durata,

 

Eventi che si volgeranno nel IN A YEAR, NEXT…,

futuro e che non sono TOMORROW,

A: He will play 

influenzabili, Frase con IF (primo congiuntivo)

N: He will not play FUTURE SIMPLE con WILL

 Decisione spontanea, (IF YOU ASK HER, SHE WILL HELP

I: will he play?  YOU),

Supposizioni che riguardano il  I think, probably, perhaps

futuro,



A: He is going to play Limitazione già esistente per 

N: He is not going to play un’azione futura, IN ONE YEAR, NEXT YEAR, FUTURE SIMPLE con GOING TO



I: Is he going to play? Conclusioni logiche su azioni TOMORROW

future

A: He is playing   FUTURE SIMPLE con _ING

Per disposizioni future IN OCTOBER, TOMORROW

N: He is not playing

I: Is he playing?

A: He will be playing  Un’azione che si starà svolgendo 

N: He will not be playing IN ONE YEAR, NEXT WEEK, FUTURE PROGRESS (forma progressiva

(durata) nel tempo, del futuro semplice)

I: will he be playing? TOMORROW

 Un’azione certa o scontata

A: He will have played  Azione che sarà già compiuta in

N: He will not have played 

un determinato momento nel BY MONDAY, IN A WEEK FUTURE PERFECT (futuro anteriore)

I: Will he have played futuro



A: He will have been playing Azione che si sarà già compiuta 

N: He will not have been playing in un determinato momento nel FUTURE CONTINUOUS (forma

FOR…, THE LAST COUPLE OF

futuro, progressiva del futuro anteriore)

I: Will he have been playing? HOURS, ALL DAY LONG.

 Sottolinea la durata dell’azione ZERO CONDITINAL



A: He play, if she is ready… Per parlare di qualcosa che è (present simple + present simple

N: He don’t play, if she is scared… sempre vera o che accade or present continuous or present

I: Does he play? If….. sempre. perfect)

A: He would play, if… FIRST CONDITIONAL (congiuntivo

 Frase con IF di I tipo (IF I WERE

N: He would not play, if…  Azioni che potrebbero aver presente)

YOU, I WOULD GO HOME)

I: Would he play? If…. IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL/WON’T +

luogo. INFINITIVE

A: He would be playing  Azione che potrebbe aver luogo,

N: He would not be playing  FIRST CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE

Sottolinea l’azione stessa e la

I: Would he be playing? sua durata

A: He would play, if…  Frasi con IF di II tipo



N: He would play, if… Azione che si sarebbe potuta SECOND CONDITIONAL

(IF I HAD SEEN THAT, I WOULD IF+PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + INFINITIVE

I: Would he play?, if… svolgere nel passato HAVE HELPED)

A: He would have been playing  Azione che si sarebbe potuta

N: He would have not been playing SECOND CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE

svolgere nel passato,

I: Would he have been playing?  Sottolinea l’azione stessa e la

sua durata.



A: He would have played, if… Per parlare di azioni che THIRD CONDITIONAL



N: He would not have played, If... sarebbero potute essere diverse Frasi con IF di III tipo IF+WOULD+ PAST PARTICIPLE,

nel passato

I: Would he have played? If…. WOULD+HAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE

 Azioni ipotetiche o immaginarie.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS

 Comparing two people, places, things, etc 1. We use comparative adjectives to compare two people,

1. My sister is a bit taller than me. places, things, etc.

London is more expansive than Edinburgh.  Regular comparative adjectives: spelling rules

This test is less difficult than the last one. old > older big > bigger easy > easier

modern > more modern difficult > more difficult.

 Irregular comparative adjectives:

good > better bad > worse far > further

 One-syllable adjectivesd ending in-ed

bored > more bored stressed > more stressed

tired > more tired.

2. We can also use (not) as + adjective + as to make

comparisons.

2. The new sofa isn’t as comfortable as the old one.

I don’t have as many books as i used to.

 3. We use comparative adverbs to compare to actions.

Comparing two action  Regular comparative adverbs: spelling rules

3. My father drives faster than me. fast > faster slowly > more slowly

You walk more quickly than I do. carefully > more carefully

Liverpool played worse today than last week.  Irregular comparatives:

Well > better hardly > worse

4. We can also use (not) as + adverb + as to make

comparisons.

4. Max doesnt’ speak English as well as his wife does.

I don’t earn as mush as my boss.

 5. We use superlatives adjectived and adverbs to compare

Superlatives people, things or action with all of their group.

5. Kevin is the tallest player in the team.

Oslo is the most expansive capital city in Europe. Form superlatives like comparatives, but use –est instead

The small big is the least expansive. of –er and most / least instead of more / less.

Lucy is the best student in the class.

Who dresses the most stylishly in your family? We normally use the before superlatives, but you can also

That’s the worst we have ever played use possessive adjectives, e.g. my best friend, their most

famous song.

We often use a superlative with present perfect + ever,

e.g.

 In after superlatives use in (NOT of) before places after a

 superlatives.

Object pronouns (me, him, etc.) after than and as: after than E.g. it’s the best beach in England.

or as we can use an object pronoun or a subject pronoun (I,

she, they) + auxiliary verb.

 The same as: we use it to say that two people places, thins are

identical. E.g. her dressi s the same as mine.

ARTICLLES: a / an, the, no article

a /an: We use a / an with singular countable nouns

1. I saw an old man with a dog. 1. The first time you mention a thing / person.

2. It’s a nice house. She is a lawyer. 2. When you say what something is or what somebody does.

3. What an awful day! 3. In exclamation with what.

4. I have classes three times a week. 4. In expression of frequency.

the: We use the:

5. I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking. 5. When we talk about something we’ve already mentioned.

6. My father opened the door. 6. When it’s clear what you are referring to.

The children are at school.

7. The moon goas round the Earth. 7. When ther is only one of something.

8. I’m going to the cinema tonight. 8. With places in a town, e.g cinema and theatre.

9. It’s the best restaurant in town. 9. With superlatives.

No article: We don’t use articles:

10. Women usually talk more then men. 10. When we are speaking in general (with plural and uncountable

Love is more impor