Riassunto esame lettorato inglese 1 e 2, docente Tucker, testo consigliato English File

(IF I HAD TOLD)



I: Had he played? Sottolinea che un’azione si è

svolta prima di un determinato

momento nel passato.

 Azione che si svolge prima di un

determinato evento nel passato,

A: He had been playing  

A volte si usa al posto del PAST FOR, SINCE, THE WHOLE DAY, PAST PERFECET PROGRESSIVE (forma

N: He had not been playing PERFECT SIMPLE, ALL DAY. progressiva del trapassato)

I: Had he been playing?  Sottolinea l’azione stessa e la

sua durata,

 

Eventi che si volgeranno nel IN A YEAR, NEXT…,

futuro e che non sono TOMORROW,

A: He will play 

influenzabili, Frase con IF (primo congiuntivo)

N: He will not play FUTURE SIMPLE con WILL

 Decisione spontanea, (IF YOU ASK HER, SHE WILL HELP

I: will he play?  YOU),

Supposizioni che riguardano il  I think, probably, perhaps

futuro,



A: He is going to play Limitazione già esistente per 

N: He is not going to play un’azione futura, IN ONE YEAR, NEXT YEAR, FUTURE SIMPLE con GOING TO



I: Is he going to play? Conclusioni logiche su azioni TOMORROW

future

A: He is playing   FUTURE SIMPLE con _ING

Per disposizioni future IN OCTOBER, TOMORROW

N: He is not playing

I: Is he playing?

A: He will be playing  Un’azione che si starà svolgendo 

N: He will not be playing IN ONE YEAR, NEXT WEEK, FUTURE PROGRESS (forma progressiva

(durata) nel tempo, del futuro semplice)

I: will he be playing? TOMORROW

 Un’azione certa o scontata

A: He will have played  Azione che sarà già compiuta in

N: He will not have played 

un determinato momento nel BY MONDAY, IN A WEEK FUTURE PERFECT (futuro anteriore)

I: Will he have played futuro



A: He will have been playing Azione che si sarà già compiuta 

N: He will not have been playing in un determinato momento nel FUTURE CONTINUOUS (forma

FOR…, THE LAST COUPLE OF

futuro, progressiva del futuro anteriore)

I: Will he have been playing? HOURS, ALL DAY LONG.

 Sottolinea la durata dell’azione ZERO CONDITINAL



A: He play, if she is ready… Per parlare di qualcosa che è (present simple + present simple

N: He don’t play, if she is scared… sempre vera o che accade or present continuous or present

I: Does he play? If….. sempre. perfect)

A: He would play, if… FIRST CONDITIONAL (congiuntivo

 Frase con IF di I tipo (IF I WERE

N: He would not play, if…  Azioni che potrebbero aver presente)

YOU, I WOULD GO HOME)

I: Would he play? If…. IF+PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL/WON’T +

luogo. INFINITIVE

A: He would be playing  Azione che potrebbe aver luogo,

N: He would not be playing  FIRST CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE

Sottolinea l’azione stessa e la

I: Would he be playing? sua durata

A: He would play, if…  Frasi con IF di II tipo



N: He would play, if… Azione che si sarebbe potuta SECOND CONDITIONAL

(IF I HAD SEEN THAT, I WOULD IF+PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + INFINITIVE

I: Would he play?, if… svolgere nel passato HAVE HELPED)

A: He would have been playing  Azione che si sarebbe potuta

N: He would have not been playing SECOND CONDITIONAL PROGRESSIVE

svolgere nel passato,

I: Would he have been playing?  Sottolinea l’azione stessa e la

sua durata.



A: He would have played, if… Per parlare di azioni che THIRD CONDITIONAL



N: He would not have played, If... sarebbero potute essere diverse Frasi con IF di III tipo IF+WOULD+ PAST PARTICIPLE,

nel passato

I: Would he have played? If…. WOULD+HAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE

 Azioni ipotetiche o immaginarie.

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS

 Comparing two people, places, things, etc 1. We use comparative adjectives to compare two people,

1. My sister is a bit taller than me. places, things, etc.

London is more expansive than Edinburgh.  Regular comparative adjectives: spelling rules

This test is less difficult than the last one. old > older big > bigger easy > easier

modern > more modern difficult > more difficult.

 Irregular comparative adjectives:

good > better bad > worse far > further

 One-syllable adjectivesd ending in-ed

bored > more bored stressed > more stressed

tired > more tired.

2. We can also use (not) as + adjective + as to make

comparisons.

2. The new sofa isn’t as comfortable as the old one.

I don’t have as many books as i used to.

 3. We use comparative adverbs to compare to actions.

Comparing two action  Regular comparative adverbs: spelling rules

3. My father drives faster than me. fast > faster slowly > more slowly

You walk more quickly than I do. carefully > more carefully

Liverpool played worse today than last week.  Irregular comparatives:

Well > better hardly > worse

4. We can also use (not) as + adverb + as to make

comparisons.

4. Max doesnt’ speak English as well as his wife does.

I don’t earn as mush as my boss.

 5. We use superlatives adjectived and adverbs to compare

Superlatives people, things or action with all of their group.

5. Kevin is the tallest player in the team.

Oslo is the most expansive capital city in Europe. Form superlatives like comparatives, but use –est instead

The small big is the least expansive. of –er and most / least instead of more / less.

Lucy is the best student in the class.

Who dresses the most stylishly in your family? We normally use the before superlatives, but you can also

That’s the worst we have ever played use possessive adjectives, e.g. my best friend, their most

famous song.

We often use a superlative with present perfect + ever,

e.g.

 In after superlatives use in (NOT of) before places after a

 superlatives.

Object pronouns (me, him, etc.) after than and as: after than E.g. it’s the best beach in England.

or as we can use an object pronoun or a subject pronoun (I,

she, they) + auxiliary verb.

 The same as: we use it to say that two people places, thins are

identical. E.g. her dressi s the same as mine.

ARTICLLES: a / an, the, no article

a /an: We use a / an with singular countable nouns

1. I saw an old man with a dog. 1. The first time you mention a thing / person.

2. It’s a nice house. She is a lawyer. 2. When you say what something is or what somebody does.

3. What an awful day! 3. In exclamation with what.

4. I have classes three times a week. 4. In expression of frequency.

the: We use the:

5. I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking. 5. When we talk about something we’ve already mentioned.

6. My father opened the door. 6. When it’s clear what you are referring to.

The children are at school.

7. The moon goas round the Earth. 7. When ther is only one of something.

8. I’m going to the cinema tonight. 8. With places in a town, e.g cinema and theatre.

9. It’s the best restaurant in town. 9. With superlatives.

No article: We don’t use articles:

10. Women usually talk more then men. 10. When we are speaking in general (with plural and uncountable

Love is more important than love. nouns).

11. She is not at home today. 11. With some nouns (home, work, school, church) after at / to / from.

12. Before meals, days and months.

I get back from work at 5:30. 13. Before next /last + day, week, etc.

12. I never have breakfast.

13. See you next Friday.

CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO (ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY)

Can / Could:

 

I can speak three languages fluently. Can is a modal ver. it only has present form (which can be used

Jenny can’t come tonight. She is ill. with future meaning) and a past or conditional form (could).

My cousin could wait because they were in a hurry. For all other tenses and forms, we use be able to + infinitive.

Could you open the door for me please?

Be able to + infinitive:

 

Luke has been able to swim since he was three. We use be able to + infinitive for ability and possibility, especially

I’d like to be able to ski. where there is no form of can, e.g. future, present perfect, infinitive

I love being able to stay in bed late on Sunday morning. and gerund, etc.

You’ll be able to practise you English in London.

 

Fortunately, I am able to accept your invitation. We sometimes use be able to in the present and past (instead of

My colleagues weren’t able to come to yesterday’s meeting. can / could), usually if we want to be more formal.

HAVE TO, MUST, SHOULD

Have to / must (+ infinitive) – don’t have to / mustn’t Should /shouldn’t (+ infinitive)

 

Have to and must are normally used to talk about obligation or Should is not as strong as must / have to. We use it to give advice

something that is necessary to do. or an opinion – to say if we think something is the right or wrong

 thing to do.

Have to is a normal verb and it exists in all tenses and forms,  Should is a modal verb. The only forms are should / shouldn’t.

e.g. also as a gerund or infinitive.

 

Must is a modal verb. In only exist in the present, but it can be You can use ought to / ought not to instead of should / shouldn’t.

used with a future meaning.

 We use don’t have to when there is no obligation to do

something, and mustn’t when something is prohibited.

 Don’t have to and must are completely different.

 You can often use can’t or not allowed to instead of mustn’t.

PAST TENSES

Past simple: worked, stopped, went, had, etc. We use the PAST SIMPLE for finished actions in the past (when we say,

She was born in Berlin. ask, or know when they happened).

They got married last year.

On the way to Rome we stopped in Florence for the night.

The plane didn’t arrive on time.

What time did you get up this morning?

Past continuous: was /were + verb + _ing

1. What were you doing at six o’clock last night? 1. We use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress at a

specific time in the past.

2. I was driving along the motorway when it started snowing. 2. We often use the past continuous to describe a past action in

progress which was interrupted by another action (expressed in

the past simple).

3. While I was doing the housework the children were playing in 3. We often use the past continuous with while for two actions

the garden. happening at the same time.

4. It was a cold night and it was raining. I was watching TV in the 4. We often use the past continuous to describe the beginning of a

sitting room. story or anecdote.

Past perfect: had + past participle:

When they turned on the TV, the match had already finished. We use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we went

to talk about an earlier past action.

As soon as I shut the door, I realized that I had left my keys on the

table.

We coul