Riassunto esame Cultura inglese, prof. Loodbrook, libro consigliato English for the arts, Frederika

progress with translating the symbols which were called cartouches. The translation of the stone

was completed by Jean-Francois Champollion, who had the passion for different languages and

after that he had cracked the code he published his final work. The Rosetta stone is currently

located in the British Museum.

MANUSCRIPTS

In the past, literacy was a privilege of the upper class, that controlled with the church who and what

was allowed to be read. Besides that, writer would circulate their work in manuscript form, which

were copied by readers. This technique was used in the monasteries, where there was a room,

called scriptorium, in which they illuminated the texts. This was a very expensive type of

production, and that’s why these books were rarities. “Diamond Sutra”, instead, was the first

printed book, produced in China with the method of wood blocks. This type of method came in use

in Europe a couple of centuries later and it was used for religious illustrations, playing cards and

emblem books. The mass production started with Johannes Guttenberg and his use of the printing

press.

KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKI

Stanislavski was the inventor of the acting system in modern theatre (called “Stanislavski’s

method”) and he was the first to use phrases as “stage direction”. He wanted to teach his artists to

supply real feelings under any given methods and this was also is lifelong motto. He tried to make

his own way without the help of his father, and he had great success in founding the Moscow Art

Theatre. He wanted to revolutionize the theatre scene by using his own techniques and teaching

them to the actors and it turned out to be successful. He also used theatre to express his political

view, like during the Russian revolution and the Red October. He wrote two books which were

translated into over twenty languages and died before War World II, hoping to leave a better,

peaceful and responsible world.

EARLY MEDIEVAL DRAMA

After the Roman Empire, performing arts had hard life because the church was against them and

warned people about their violent performances. When the church took over, the formal drama had

to perform religious scene, as the Christmas story. There were a few problems concerning the fact

that the monks had to play certain roles, as the evil ones. These were performed also on the

streets during national festivity, such as the feast of Corpus Christi, which was celebrated by a

procession. This festival was also a good way to provide work to the town’s members who were

willing to help.

EARLY FILM TECHNIQUES 1895-1920

The early film techniques were applied in different movies, such as western, comedies, horror and

crime dramas. This was a way in which film manners came up with a story line, by editing and

cutting out different parts of a movie. Audience could not tell if the movie had been edited or not,

because each film strip was jointed together. The director developed only the important parts of a

storyline by masking out a lot of scenes, so that the audience would be interested. These