Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
vuoi
o PayPal
tutte le volte che vuoi
Which English is sold by these websites?
"What they offer is a register – a specific bit of language tailored to the immediate needs or desires of the customers. What is offered is something that gives the impression of language... The point is not to learn American English, but to sound like an American. The language policing here operates on sub-language objects."
People who register for these courses do not want to learn English, because they already know it, they just need a specific bit, that is genre or register of the language, which satisfy their economic, symbolic, cultural needs and desires. So, they are not learners of English, but they are customers. This is linked to ideological issues which go beyond the English language, or language and society as tight to globalisation or global phenomena. It is something which happened in the educational system too: students are not students any longer, they are customers, university offers services, while it should.
just offer culture. These people are not involved in learning a language, but they are involved in different activities, they need bits of a specific language in order to function properly in the globalised world. The point is not to learn American English, but to sound like an American.
However, this is fiction, because who is the American speaker, in terms of speakers of the standard language, proper American English? We can easily realise that the idea of the real authentic speaker of American English is simply fiction, it simply does not exist. What about the 40% of the population of Hispanic origins or with a Hispanic, Latino linguistic and cultural background? What about millions of people with an Asian linguistic and cultural background? Are they authentic speakers of American English? Selling American English accents is a commercial activity, they are not selling concrete languages used by concrete people.
This is a picture from the chapter: we can see a very happy,
young, American, white, Anglo-Saxon man and a very worried, Asian woman. Why these two different attitudes? The man is happy since the acquisition of an American English accent has many benefits, if you get a specific American English accent you can make yourself understood and be clear, efficient when it comes at communication, you can get career opportunities, you can prove your job performance, you can be successful when speaking in public, but you also get more confidence in yourself. An American accent is linked to the idea of personal happiness and self-confidence, smooth and efficient communication, business opportunities and money. This is the package these people sell to their customers.
What does American English index? "Clear, understandable speech; Efficient, effective communication; Career opportunities; Improved job performance; Successful public speaking; More confidence"
According to Silverstein, semiotic consubstantiality refers to: "[Y]ou are (or become) what you speak,
and speaking it (mysteriously) transforms you into what is indexically suggested by the speech
"By speaking English with an American accent you transform yourself, according to the value associated to the way you speak, in this case the accent or variety of English.
According to Blommaert:
"The target audiences are the scale-jumpers who embody globalisation as a successful story – they are, in other words, a very small segment of the flows of people that characterise contemporary globalisation."
This American English accent is not for all, but for a very small number of people, who are defined by Blommaert as "scale-jumpers", people who can afford to jump from one scale to another, physically and socially. People who want to change the way they speak also want to transform themselves according to the value associated with the speech they want to learn.
American accent is perceived by these people as:
"American accent itself is unmarked, unremarkable, unnoticed."
Once you acquire American accent, your speech becomes 'normal', invisible, unremarkable, and can so become a vehicle for 'efficient', 'smooth', 'clear', 'confident' and 'convincing' communication. Customers who subscribe to these courses... are expected to change themselves by 'reducing' their non-native accents in English, and by adopting, with great investments of effort, an accent that makes them sociolinguistically inconspicuous and changes their speech from something that contains side-tracking 'noise' (their 'foreign accent') to a normal, uniform, unpeculiar and thus no longer distracting tool of communication. 36 Appunti di Alessandra Passarino To conclude: "I would suggest that a sound sociolinguistics of globalization should not just look at the world and its languages, but also to the world and its registers, genres, repertoires and styles, if it wantsto have any empirical grounding. It is in small-scale, niched phenomena such as those considered here that we see real language: language that is invested by real-world interests and language that matters to real people. "[T]he school system produces 'English', using its own pedagogies and orders of indexicality; but in order to acquire the specific kind of English that offers jobs in the globalised economy, people need to turn to private providers, who impose yet another set of norms and rules of proper speech." 22/02/21 The notion of repertoire Chapter 4 of Blommaert's textbook is about repertoires, so the idea of linguistic repertoires which is extended by Blommaert to include not only linguistic resources but also semiotic resources etc. But before getting into this, we will give a broad overview of the term repertoire is sociolinguistics. Repertoire is a very important and relevant aspect of sociolinguistic investigation. The term has been investigated fromMany and different perspectives, but we will focus on the main issues referring to the idea and concept of repertoire. Aside from a broad definition, what is repertoire?
"Repertoire is a term commonly used in sociolinguistics studies, it is used as a descriptive term which refers to the complex of communicative resources that we find among the subjects we study."
So, a linguist repertoire refers to all the communicative resources that are part of a single individual or a collective entity (e.g. society, social groups etc.) we investigate. A repertoire is about:
"The totality of linguistic resources, including also invariants and variables of a specific language or variety, which are available to members of a particular community" (D.Hymes)
We have to refer to the notion of repertoires at two different scale levels: the micro-level, the level of the single individual; the macro-level where we can investigate repertoires concerning communities (e.g. social groups, social networks,
"In a super diversity context, mobile subjects (like the ones we investigated in PortaPalazzo), migrants engage with a broad variety of groups, networks and communities (they move and meet people with different linguistic, cultural, social, ethnic backgrounds), and their language resources are consequently learnt through a wide variety of trajectories, tactics and technologies, ranging from fully formal language learning to entirely informal 'encounters' with language" (Busch)
Repertoires, as far as super diversity is concerned, mainly deal with mobile individuals (migrants but also individuals in the move across the world) and their repertoires developed according to the group, network, community they get in contact with and consequently the individuals who are part of these communities. Their language resources, in terms of learning and use, are learnt according to their life trajectories,
Accedi a tutti gli appunti
Tutor AI: studia meglio e in meno tempo
