!"Chimica
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` Pa (56,&&( -#5&%5(%I))( 4#)&( (5KHGQRVH!SQI =IKCPC@CURL .,55#Z &%5'#5#( *55#5 )%? O OE*%)&# '%(#--*4,1+# ,<<(%5% 4,1&(-%++% )((5&%1,/%5&% 4%1-.0%)4,5'%1)( +%,' /*#<#5#$,)4%1 ?+(;%1,/%5&% 6#19% '( &1,)-*1,;(+(,&&1,9(#5%+%4%1-._ &*&&# (+ <#+*/%4#))#5# #--*4,1% -.%)#5# %O O'()4#)(9(#5%.,55# , ?G($*,1'# 4*>-.(/(-, /,&%1(, &1#<,1)(-#/4#)(9(#5% +, 6#1/, '(,++, )#&&# 7O QCLMI!ILHL@RPWI FSGI 4(\/()-%+, '(*5, 0 (5)(%/%/,&%1(,'( '*%0 4#19(#5%S5, #)#)&,59, 4*1, *5, *5 6()(-,/%5&%-#)&(&*(&, 61,)4%-(% -.(/(-, /%)-#+,&%)#)&,59% +#1#', *5, )#+, % ?41#41(%&D -(,)-*5,/()-%+,4#))(%'% '*53*%(5 )#)&,59,-.% '*53*% % *5,-#)&,5&( ('%5&(&D,"(5,+&%1,&,-#/4#)(9(#5% 41#41(,+,-#5)%1<,? ?+% /()-%+%'%++%'(66%1%59,R )#)&,59% 4*1% O4#))(;(+(&D )-(5'%1% -#/4#)(9(#5%'(C5 <,1(,;(+%;,)% ,++, .,55## /%5# *5, ?4(\ )%/4+(-(-#/4#5%5&((54*1,)#)&,59, )(O '(<()%+% (5'()&(5$*#5# /()-%+%&(4( '( )#)&,59%'*% <%5$#5#7 76#1/,&%I@IGHUIPII 4(\ KRLC)% ',)-())( '*%-#/4#)&( 8 #-.% (5%))%1%4#))#5# '*% #8 ?O &*&&(-#/4#)(9(#5% *5(6#1/% (5.,55#I))%41#-%))( 5#5/%'(,5&%)%/4+(-( ,4(\ )#)&,59% (-,/4(#5%4*5&( -#/4#5%5&('%+( )#5#6#1/,&( ', %-.(/(-( '*%3*,5&#(5 #)#5#O 6,-(+/%5&% '()&(5$*(;(+(61,-.(/(-,/%5&%%+%/%5&( +#1#+%$,&( ?6#1/,&% )#+,HQHUIPII KRLI', *5,)%A 6#1/,1% 8B/#+%-#+%'%++%, ?O? *5(6#1/%-#/4#)(9(#5% &*&&((50!, (+#1#@*&&( -#/4#)&(( )&%)), b41%)%5&,5# *5, 4*5&( -,/4(#5% -#/4#5%5&('%+ '*53*% (41#41(%&D %4%1-%5&*,+%.,55# (5 /,)),*5,7 '()&(5$*(;(+()#5#5#5cIPMHL@C@SCLMHPHMNII!IQIP@C=IU!C !C ?A F1#*)& B+%$$%=IKCPC@R MHL@RP@I '(I d #$5( '( /()-%+,KRLI -#/4#5%5&% *5,X ?%+%/%5&( 4*>)#)&,59, -.% %))%1%5#58 )%4,1,5'#O /()-%+, 5%( )*#( -#/4#5%5&(*5, -#54#(-.0)%/4+(-(4(\(5 )#)&,59%)-#/4#)&, 6()(-( )(/%&#'( )#)&,59%#&&%5$#5# 4*1%-#)&(&*(&, ', ,&#/()#+# *$*,+( ?? '(/%&#'( )%4,1,9(#5% KC!@GRWCHPIC )#5# 7 e=CL@C!!RWCHPI MGHQR@HUGRKCRIL@GRWCHPIO ?? ?O
Transizioni di fase
transizioni di fasefC ""?(& (+ + ff Tff&?+( "f "ffgtransizioni di fase ?F%1 6()(-# A B,++" ,+6#1/,IPIGUCR)&,&# -,+#1%', '()#&&1,11%,+&1# LHQQCPCL@GRGI4,)),1% #--#11% )#&&#*5# #O)()&%/, ? +"C 4,)),$$( &1,)6#1/,9(#5(,/;(%5&%'( -%))(#5%)&,&# +, '( -,+#1% %)&%15#-.% )#5#,<<%5$#5# <%1)#-#5 O+, MHP=IPLRWCHPI%))(%)#&%1/(-# LH!C=CKCMRWCHPI.% %)#5#2 7 ?RN ,%1(6#1/%h )#+('#H +(3*('#', , +(3*('#', ,+" ',++"'(C ,))#1;(/%5&# ,/;(%5&%4,)),$$( )&,&# (5<%-% %)&%15#-,+#1%'( -.% ,<<%5$#5# -#5 )#5#Oia j !"%5'#&%1/(-( %5%1$(,&1,)6#1/,9(#5( 6#19% ,&&1,&&(<%<(5-%1%*&(+(99,&,,))#1;(&, +% &%5$#5#4%1 -.%<(%5%+(3*('# 6())%4,1&(-%++% <(-(5%+% )#+('#(54#)(9(#5((5(5 %*5 *5 ?E*%)&( 4,)),$$( VRFHGCWWRWCHPI'( )#5# KSLCHPI)&,&# 7 % ,%1(6#1/%+(3*('#',', +(3*('#)#+('# ,,<( AC56(5% LSc!CQRWCHPI ,%1(6#1/% B)#+('#', IP=H@IGQCMR =N [b)#5# , XAcGCPR )-1(&&%,%1(6#1/% )#+('# B', =NMHQIP@H ILH@IGQCMH -.% -#/%%))%1%4#))#5#,% X O'%++% (5&%1/%'(% +,'*% 1%,9(#5( 4%1)#//, 2 I))% +%1,441%)%5&,5#+, =NNILL!IUUI 0=C '%++% 1%,9(#5( *$*,+%'*% ,++,O O 6()(-.%&1,)6#1/,9(#5( -.%1%,9(#5( (5&%1/%'(%'%++% '*%=NL#55(5# '%++% ? )(3*,5'#,<<%5$#5#k $,) A6#15()-% B )(GCLMR!=RQIP@H #l d=N @)&()*;=NN)*; X =N l e +(3*('#m <,1(T *,4 4*) A B-,+#1%)#&&1,% GRKKGI==RQIP@Hn[ e 6*) )#+('# 4,1&(-#+,1% '(-,/4(#5%,'%)-1(&&( *5C $1,6(-,/%5&%4,)),$$( '( )&,&# +,4#))#5# ,&&1,<%1)#%))%1% /,&%1(,curva di h II1, bcurva di,+%(raffreddamento gZ[: o riscaldamenLRWCHPIg[[: Dal punto di vista grafico sono tratti] -c di curva paralleli all’ asse X in cui laLH!C=CK MRWCHPI IcH!!CWCHPItemperatura rimane costante anche =jp % Ig[[con il passare del tempo] q]r[: "] c&%/4# s ?b KSLCHPIk!, +% &%/4%1,&*1%1,661%'',/%5&# 1(4#1&,'( -.%-*1<, :O bt ?o6*59(#5%(5 &%/4#'%+1%$()&1,&% 0 )&,&,&%/4# #&&%5*&,O B'(3*,5&(&D1,661%'',5'# A RMESR)#)&,59,-%1&,*5, ? !, +%1()-,+',/%5&# 1(4#1&,'%( '(%)#&%1(-( &%/4%1,&*1%)( -.%'( )&,'( 3*,+(%)), u -*1<,^-#/4#5% OO 1%$()&1,&% 6*59(#5%v &%/4#A 0'%+ #&&%5*&,%B (5 )&,&,@IGQCMNILHL@I=]c )#5#- %] O] A1()-,+',5'# 3*,5&(&D B)#)&,59,-%1&, '(U*,1',5'# )4%-(6(-# RMESR#))%1<(,/#&1,&&##$5( 5%++# *5,-.% 7O ?A)&,'(<%1(6(-, )( &1,&&(u&1,&&# %5'#&%1/(-( ((5'(<('*,5# '%(^)( 3*,+(cR &%/4%1,,;;,)),/%5 '%++,*5] OO IBgZ[: =]c LHL@I @IGQCMNIM',++,&*&, '(&%/4%1,&*1,'%+ )#5#<,4#1% %-.% ] ?O g[[:'(,11(<, &%/4%1,&*1,+,&%/4%1,&*1,,++, #<<%1# %O v !, +#1# +*5$.%99, '(4%5'% '(3*,5&(&D'( ',++,'%+ ,-3*%#-#5'%5),9(#5% <,4#1% ? '(6#5'%1% )#)&,59,+, )#+(',+,0c] -#5'%5),9(#5% )#)&,59, -.%'(&1,&&# %& '%<%&M -.%7 ?? /,$$(#1%+(3*(', <,4#1(99,1%-*( +,-#11()4#5'% -#%)()#41(/, 3*,5&(&D '(LHL@R (5 '%<% 0&,44, -.%,++, 7O 1()-,+',/%5&#,%1(6#1/% 4(\+(3*(',6,)(+% &0 +,+*5$,)#)&,59, )#)&,'%++, )#)&,59, )#&#)&, ,+% ?? O)4%-(6(-#U*,1',5'# 5%++#E*%)&# -.(,/,&#-#)w )(0&1,&&# 74%1-.0 5#5#)&,5&%O <%1(6(-, '%+cR )( &%/4%1,&*1,'%++,&1,&&#<,1(,-#5&(5*( -,+#1% 1%)&,& ,*/%5&#;%5)w+, *57]5#5)#&&1,11%, ?O j&%/4%1,&*1,$.(,--(# ,11(<, '(', [9%1#)#&&#-.%C+ ,++,+#*&(+(99,&#(56,&&(-#)&,5&% -,+#1% )#&&1,&&# <(%5%? O $.(,--(#&%/4%1,&*1,+, '%+6*)(#5%1,441%)%5&, '((+ -.%&*&&#-#5'%5),1% <,4#1% ,-3*%# 41%)%5&%4%1 6*)(#5%&1,&&# 0c &%/4%1,&*1,+, +,'( &%/4%1,&*1,M(5&%1,9(#5(% +% 7'*53*% 4%1/%&&%1%4%1 %1, ]-#11()4#5'% &,44,41(/, -*((5&*&&% ,++, -#%)()#)#)&,'(B+% -.%-,+#1%/#+%-#+% % (+41%5'% 5#/% O+(3*(',6,)( E*%)&#+,&%5&% )#+(', 0+% &1,&&# '%&&#'(-#5'%5),9(#5% -*1<,%'( ?? ee 6#15(1%-#5&(5*()(LHL@R 3*,5&#&%1/(-, (5 5#5#)&,5&%)( -#5-+*'% 4*5&#!, -,+#1%3*,5'#5%+ ,)#)&, M O OO <,1(,+, &%/4#-#)&,5&%&%/4%1,&*1, 5%+1%)&,%5#50(+&*&&# -#5'%5),&#<,4#1% ?(56,&&( *&(+(99,#15(&# &1,)6#1/,1%C+&1,&&# &*&%1= -,+#1%M M= ',+ ,+ +,4*5*5&# MSGVR7] O B=C@Jx*&"A Y4%1 4,1&(-%++%(5&%1,9(#5( FIG=IGI@GR<(5-%1%j +(3*('# (+)#+('# +,&%5&%'(1(41%5'% (+6(5# -,+#1%[ 41%5'% '(% 5#/%&%/4%1,&*1, (5,++,)-%5'%1%, A Be e+,&(5# )(6*)(#5% 0 -.%&%/4%1,&*1, A B <%'%+,&%5&%)#+('(6(-,9(#5% '( 5#5-#11()4#5'%-.% '(,++, X? ?+,'%++" &%1/(-, 5%+ M)( 4*5&#)#)&, 3*,5'#-#5-+*'%,-3*, O0 6*)#$.(,--(#(+&1,&&# &*&,$$(*5&# '( )#+('(6(-,9(#5%=] I +, &'#4#7 ,<%1 ?? O M 1(41%5'%-] ',++" =7 =&1,&&#(5(9(,+(3*('# )#+('(6(-,1% +,4*5*5&# ,+ -*1<,)&,&#,++#,-3*, , O? 6(5# j),+(1%<%1(6(-, (56,&&( '(,++, &%/4%1,&*1,)( g[[C5 &1,&&# LHL@R -.%)%-#5',+,3*%)&# ,OO -#11()4#5'% '%++"%;#++(9(#5%,++, &%/4%1,&*1,'(/(5*()-% '(+, ,-3*,&%/4%1,&*1,-*((5 1%)&,5#5 /, &1,&&# %;#++(9(#5%1,$$(*5&# &+,I '(6(5# 1,$$(*5$(/%5&# '] '#4# ,<%17'%+ I-#)&,5&% ,+ 4*5&# ? OO &(/%eIICIK%+,&6#/1&*?CI e+" (5(9(, *&(+(99,5'# (+;#++(1%0 &1,)6#1/,&,)()#)&,59, ,-3*, ,&*&&, +,3*,5'# &1,)6#1/,1% &%/4%1,&*&&, +, +,'*53*%$.(,--(# )#)&,59,4%1 Y(5 O[: ,>A b O? 6(5#&<1,4#( 1%)&, -#)&,5&%(5(5 4#( ,*/%5&, ,+5#5&1,&&# +, &%/4%1,&*1,I /,',+% 4*5 O +" 0)()( 1,$$(*5$(/%5&# &*&&,4*5&#$.(,$$(# '%+ I ,-3*,-#5'(5*, (+ 3*,5'#'*53*%)-%5'%1%, % O<,4#1%&1,)6#1/,&, (51,661%'', O? &1,&&# (5'%6(5(&(<,/%5&%1(41%5'%4#( +, &%/4%1,&*1,% ),+(1%(5 ,7I
Equilibrio dinamico per le transizioni di fase
equilibrio dinamico per le transizioni di faseR&&1,<%1)# =CRUGRQQR(+ '(,$1,//,KRLI=C -*(4,1&(-#+,1% -,1&%)(,5# &*&&%1,--.(*)% +%)#5#(5*5O F%& &,+%6*59(#5% '()*((56#1/,9(#5( 4#))(,/#4,)),$$( '( '( 3*,5'#)#)&, )#)&,59,)&,&# (5*5, O %3*(+(;1(# &1,+(3*('# 6,)('*% +#1#%)()&% )#+('# (5'( 3*%)&%#3*,5'# &1% )#5##-#/% $,)#O ?C+ )( Z -,1&%)(,5#'( 6,)% (+ -*(4(,5#'(,$1,//, MSGVI GIUCHPC'(<('#5# Z'( (5-.%-#/4#5% (5F@%'%&%1/(5,&% '(%)-+*)(<,/%5&%+, )&,;(+%)#)&,59, -#5'(9(#5(
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.
Scarica il documento per vederlo tutto.