Appunti esame English Language 1

VOICED OR VOICELESS?

1. Watches /ɪz/.

2. Houses /z/.

3. Cars /z/.

4. Looks /s/.

5. Knives /z/.

6. Baths /s/.

7. Handkerchiefs /s/.

8. Boxes /ɪz/.

9. Keys /z/.

10. Envelopes /s/.

11. Boys /z/.

12. Wishes /ɪz/.

GIVE THE DESCRIPTION OF THE VOWEL SOUND.

1. /ɪ/ - high back monophthong/vowel spoon or moon.

2. /ɛ/ - mid low front vowel pet.

3. /ɪ/ - mid high front vowel this.

4. /ɔɪ/ - mid low back to high front voice.

5. /aʊ/ - low back to high back now.

GIVE THE PHONETIC SYMBOL.

A. Low front monophthong /æ/.

B. Lower mid back monophthong /ɔ/.

C. High front (lax) to high back (tense) diphthong /iu/.

D. (upper) mid front to high front (lax) diphthong /eɪ/.

E. Mid central monophthong /ə/.

F. which never occur in a stressed open syllable? /ə/.

G. Which is a "reduced" vowel? /ɪ/.

H. /ɔɪ/.

Which are falling diphthongs? / / aʊ, eɪ, eə.→I. Which is a rising diphthong? /iu/, /ju/.ɔ:/ →→J. Which involve labialization? /u:/, / back rounded vowels.GIVE THE PHONETIC SYMBOL FOR THE VOWEL SOUND.→1. Build / bɪld/.→2. Gauge / geɪʤ/.θrɛt/.→3. Threat /→4. Plaid / plæd/.ɜːn/.→5. Earn /→6. Brought / brɔːt/.→7. Town / taʊn/.→8. Young /jʌŋ/.→9. Stop / stɒp/.fruːt/.→10. Fruit /→11. Wolf / wʊlf/.fjuːd/.→12. Feud /→13. Vein / veɪn/.→14. Flax / flæks/.→15. Mourn /mɔːn/.→16. Style / staɪl/.→17. Heart / hɑːt/.→18. War / wɔː/.→19. Proud / praʊd/.→20. Break / breɪk/.kjuːt/.→21. Cute / θrəʊ/.→22. Throw /→23. Slim / slɪm/.→24. Weigh / weɪ/.θruː/.→25. Through /→26. Their / ðeə/.piːs/.→27. Peace /→28. Face / feɪs/.→29. Burn / bɜːn/.→30. Hook / hʊk/.guːs/.→31.Goose /→32. Blood / blʌd/.→33. Die / daɪ/.→34. Toe / təʊ/.ʃuː/.→35. Shoe / PLACE THE WORDS INTO THE COLUMNS.ʌ/ →1. / (cut) son /sʌn/.ɑː/ (cart) →2. / farm /fɑːm/.→3. / /.æ/ (cat) man /mænɛ/ →4. / (bread) bed /bɛd/.→5. /ɪ/ (hit) hill /hɪl/.iː/ (heat) →6. / seem /siːm/.ɒ/ →7. / (hot) gone /gɒn/.(horse) →8. /ɔː/ four /fɔː/.→9. /ʊ/ (book) push /pʊʃ/./uː/ (boot) →10. shoe /ʃuː/→11. /aɪ/ (bite) might /maɪt/.→12. /aʊ/ (shout) now /naʊ/.→13. / eɪ/ (shape) mate /meɪt/.→14. /ɔɪ/ (boy) soil /sɔɪl/.the /ðiː/.→15. /ð/ (mother)(girl) →16. /ɜː/ word /wɜːd/.→17. /əʊ/ (phone) hole /həʊl/.→18. /eə/ (there) fair /feə/.→19. /ɪə/ (here) gear /gɪə/.→20. /ʊə/ (sure) poor /pʊə/.The /d/ sound follows a vowel or a voiced consonant. The /id/ sound follows a /t/ or /d/ sound at the endof a word. The /t/ sound

Generally, the plural form of a word follows a voiceless consonant such as CH, SH, X, K, SS, and P. If the last letter of the word ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the S is pronounced like a /z/ (without creating another syllable). This Z sound is similar to the sound a bee makes, "zzz". We also use this ending when the words end in a vowel sound (e.g. bees, flies).

Sometimes, when we add an -s to make the third person of the present simple, or a plural, it may be pronounced in one of three ways:

• If the final syllable ends in a voiced sound, the /z/ sound is pronounced.
• If the final syllable ends in a voiceless sound, it is the sound /s/.
• However, if the final letter is a consonant such as ch, sh, x, or ss (sibilant letters), you have to pronounce it /iz/.

LAX VOWELS.

Lax vowels are pronounced when the muscles are in resting postures and are short in duration. In British English, they are /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/.

Both tense and lax vowels can initiate a syllable.

Examples: iːt → 1.

Eat / / TENSE VOWEL.→ænd2. And / / LAX VOWEL. TENSE VOWELS.Tense vowels require tension in particular muscles for production and are long in duration. In British Englishiː/, /i/, / uː/, / ɜː/, ɔː/, / ɑː/.are / / CONSONANTAL SOUNDS.Consonants are often classified by being given a so-called VPM-label. VPM stands for VOICING, PLACE ANDMANNER. →1. VOICING means that the vocal cords are used; if they are not, if the vocal cords stand still, if theydon’t move, the sound is VOICELESS.→2. PLACE of articulation is the place where the air flow will be more or less obstructed.→3. MANNER is concerned with the nature of the obstruction.VOICING.➔ The larynx is in the neck, at a point commonly called Adam’s apple.➔ It is like a box inside which are the vocal cords, two thick flaps of muscle. In a normal position, thevocal cords are apart. When the edges of the vocal cords touch each other, air passing through theglottis will usually cause vibration.

This opening and closing is repeated regularly and gives what is called VOICING.
We have 7 places of articulation:
1. Bilabial.
2. Labio-dental.
3. Interdental.
4. Alveolar.
5. Palatal (palato-alveolar / alveo-palatal).
6. Velar.
7. Glottal.
BILABIAL.
Bilabial sounds are produced when the lips are brought together. Examples are:
1. [ p ], which is VOICELESS as in pay.
2. [ b ] and [ m ], which are VOICED, as in bay and may.
ALVEOLAR.
Alveolar sounds are made by raising the tip of the tongue towards the ridge that is right behind the upper front teeth, called the alveolar ridge.
→Alveolar sounds / t /, /d /, / s /, / z /, / n /, / l /, / r /.
→Examples: too, sure VOICELESS.
→Do, zoo, nook, look, rook VOICED.
RHOTIC /r/.
→South-west and north-west of England.
→They regard the pronunciation of /r/ in farm or car as a PRESTIGIOUS FEATURE that marks them out from other groups while some of those other groups might regard it as a stigmatized feature.
→Elsewhere, for example in most

North America, this rhoticity is seen as a prestigious variable making social status. ➔ Rhotic /r/ is regarded as a prestigious variant in New York. INTRUSIVE /r/ ( /r/ is alveolar). ə ɪə ɑː ɔː ➔ Insertion of an "r" at the end of any word that ends in /ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, or /ɔː/. ➔ When such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an [r] is inserted between them. PALATAL (PALATO-ALVEOLAR/ ALVEO-PALATAL). ʃ → /ʃ/ palato-alveolar VOICED. FRICATIVE. ʒ → /ʒ/ palato-alveolar VOICELESS. ʧ → /ʧ/ alveo-palatal AFFRICATE. ʤ → /ʤ/ alveo-palatal AFFRICATE. Palato-alveolar sounds are made by raising the blade of the tongue towards the part of the palate just behind the alveolar ridge. → Examples: pressure, batch. Pleasure and badge voiced. PALATAL [J]. The only fully palatal sound in English is [j] as in yes, yellow, beauty, new. IT IS VOICED. VELAR /k/, /g/ and /ŋ/. Velar sounds are made by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate, called thevelum.→Examples: 1. Back [ k ].→2. Bag [ g ]. ŋ ] →→3. Taking / making / bringing [ VOICED.GLOTTAL /h/.➔ →Glottal sounds are produced when the air passes through the glottis as it is narrowed [ h ] as inHIGH.➔ In [ h ], the vocal cords are open, but close enough together that air passing between them createsfriction noise. MANNER OF ARTICULATION.The manner of articulation has to do with the kind of obstruction the air meets on its way out, after it haspassed the vocal folds.1. Complete closure (PLOSIVES/STOPS).2. Almost complete closure (FRICATIVES).3. Both closure and friction (AFFRICATES).4. A smaller degree of closure (APPROXIMANTS).5. The air escapes around the sides of the tongue (LATERALS).6. The air may escape through the nasal cavity (NASALS).STOPS/PLOSIVES.PLOSIVES are sounds exhibiting a complete closure in the mouth, so that the air is blocked for a fraction ofa second and then released with a small burst of sound, called a PLOSION (it sounds

like a very small explosion). Plosives may be bilabial [ p, b ] like park / bark , alveolar [ t, d ] or velar [ k, g ]. Plosives are often unreleased in word-final position.

➔ ASPIRATION is a property of devoiced plosives (p, t k) beginning stressed syllables. Examples: pat, take, kitting, drag, top, kot, pot.

➔ In s-clusters, plosives are not aspirated, as in scope.

THE GLOTTAL STOP (non-initial t>?).

➔ Sb: widespread before consonants. →E.g: Scot + land Sco?land. ˈfʊtbɔːl→ So, the word football can be pronounced without interruption in the middle as in [ or with a]ˈfʊ?bɔːl complete closure of the glottis instead of [ t ]: [ .]

FINAL PLOSIVE MASKING. Final plosives are usually masked before a consonant, that is, there is no separate audible release:

1. Goo(d) boo(k).
2. Ba(g) drop.
3. Loo(k) left.
4. Upsi(de) down.

Practice masking final plosive [ p, t, k, b, d, g ], rather than releasing them independently, when followed by another consonant (except h). T-VOICING

ate [ʃ, ʒ] ship-vision.ç →5. Palate [ç] hue.χ →6. Velar [χ] loch.