Concetti Chiave
- Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901, marking an era of significant political and social reforms in Britain.
- Key legislative changes included the First Reform Act granting voting rights to the middle class and the Factory Acts improving labor conditions.
- The Victorian Age saw significant advancements in science and engineering, with notable progress in chemistry and industrial technology.
- Infrastructure developments like the London Underground and expanded railway networks transformed transportation and commerce.
- Britain's economy was powered by transport, coal, iron, and steel, while British ships dominated global trade, and professionals supported the Empire's administration abroad.
Indice
L'ascesa di Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837 and her reign lasted till 1901.
She was married with Prince Albert; they got married in 1840.
During her long reign, Whig politicians made some laws:
• They gave vote to the middle class in the First Reform Act (1832);
• They reformed social and economic conditions in the Factory Act (1833) and Ten Hours’ Act, which prevented children from being employed more than 48 hours a week and no person under 18 could work more than 69 hours a week and also limited the working hours to ten a day for all workers.
• Workhouses were established with the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834); poor had basic support in these institutions.
Self-help was considered very important and it was a matter of pride to be a ‘self made man’.
Innovazioni scientifiche e industriali
There was an explosion in knowledge; studies about plants and geology were made in this period.
Scientist experimented and great improvements were made in chemistry.
Industrialists encouraged engineering advances.
The government commissioned many reports on health, poverty, factory conditions and education.
Other laws were made:
• Corn Law: reduced the price of corn;
• Second Reform Act: gave vote to skilled working men.
Sviluppo dei trasporti e commercio
The building of the London Underground started in 1854 and the railways started to transform the landscape and people’s lives.
They transported large quantities of raw materials and products quickly and cheaply.
Also important were the steel steam ships because they were used for trading; half of the world’s trade was carried in British ships.
Transport, coal, iron and steel formed the basis for the economy.
Britain also exported people: civil servants and soldiers were sent to administer the Empire (India, Australia, South Africa), but even experts like engineers and doctors.
Domande da interrogazione
- Quali furono alcune delle leggi significative approvate durante il regno di Queen Victoria?
- Quali furono le principali innovazioni scientifiche e industriali durante il periodo vittoriano?
- In che modo i trasporti influenzarono l'economia britannica nel XIX secolo?
Durante il regno di Queen Victoria, furono approvate leggi come il First Reform Act (1832) che diede il voto alla classe media, il Factory Act (1833) e il Ten Hours’ Act che regolamentarono le condizioni di lavoro, e il Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) che istituì le workhouses per il supporto dei poveri.
Durante il periodo vittoriano ci fu un'esplosione di conoscenze scientifiche, con studi su piante e geologia, miglioramenti in chimica, e avanzamenti ingegneristici incoraggiati dagli industriali. Furono anche approvate leggi come la Corn Law e il Second Reform Act.
I trasporti, come la costruzione della metropolitana di Londra e le ferrovie, trasformarono il paesaggio e la vita delle persone, permettendo il trasporto rapido ed economico di materie prime e prodotti. Le navi a vapore in acciaio furono cruciali per il commercio, con metà del commercio mondiale trasportato su navi britanniche.
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