Concetti Chiave
- The disillusionment after WWI led to a belief that material gain equaled spiritual loss, affecting societal mood and perception.
- The dissolution of the Empire into the Commonwealth fostered feelings of frustration and notions of white superiority.
- Freud's theories on unconscious behavior and the effects of irrational forces challenged traditional views on education and morality.
- Einstein's theory of relativity and philosophical ideas from James and Bergson questioned traditional concepts of time and space.
- The movement for women's suffrage brought significant changes in gender dynamics and relationships.
The age of anxiety
During the end of the 19th century, the new belief was that material gain meant spiritual loss.
The mood of the country is disillusioned by the First World War: infact during the 1920s only privileged classes enjoyed the comfort.
When the war ended, some soldiers started the search of pleasure, other felt the sense of guilt for the horrors of war and had forgotten the purpose of war.
The dissolution of the Empire into the Commonwealth caused a sense of frustration which led to idea of white superiority.
At that time not even the science and religion seemed to offer security.
Scientists and philosophers abandoned the old giving rise to new views of man and the universe.
Freud introduced new ideas in his essay The Interpretation of Dreams.
According to him, the behaviour is influenced by the unconscious, and the fact that the man made actions depending on irrational forces caused many disturbances.
According to him, education and moral laws can distort man’s behaviour.
He is interested in the questions of "libido", which manifested in the Oedipus phase where the child sees the father as the rival for his mother's affections.
The relationship between parents and children changed: according to Freud early developments were the most important.
The relationship between the sexes changed thanks to the struggles of the movement for women’s suffrage.
Einstein discovered the relativity: this theory discarded the concepts of time and space.
The idea of Time was questioned by the philosophers William James and Bergson.
- According to James our mind records every experiences as a continuous flow of “the already” into “the not yet”.
- According to Bergson there are two kinds of time:
Historical time: which is external, linear and measured by the hands of a clock.
Psychological time: which is internal, subjective and measured by the relative emotional intensity of a moment.
Domande da interrogazione
- Qual era la percezione generale della società dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale?
- Quali nuove idee furono introdotte da Freud e come influenzarono la società?
- Come cambiarono le concezioni del tempo secondo i filosofi dell'epoca?
Dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale, la società era disillusa, con solo le classi privilegiate che godevano del comfort. Alcuni soldati cercavano piacere, mentre altri provavano senso di colpa per gli orrori della guerra e avevano dimenticato il suo scopo.
Freud introdusse l'idea che il comportamento umano fosse influenzato dall'inconscio e che le forze irrazionali potessero causare disturbi. Egli sottolineò l'importanza dello sviluppo precoce e come l'educazione e le leggi morali potessero distorcere il comportamento umano.
William James e Bergson misero in discussione l'idea del tempo. James descrisse il tempo come un flusso continuo di esperienze, mentre Bergson distinse tra tempo storico, lineare e misurabile, e tempo psicologico, soggettivo e legato all'intensità emotiva di un momento.
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