Concetti Chiave
- The 16th century saw a shift in worldviews due to new geographical and scientific discoveries, challenging Ptolemy's earth-centric universe model.
- Nicolaus Copernicus introduced a heliocentric model where the sun is the center, influencing modern astronomy and weakening old ideas.
- Galileo Galilei's use of the telescope provided evidence supporting the heliocentric theory, showing Earth's movement around the sun.
- The era's understanding of the human microcosm was linked to a universal macrocosm, forming a hierarchical order from minerals to angels.
- Humanism, or the 'New Learning', emerged in England through grammar schools and universities, promoting classical literature and human reason.
Indice
Scoperte del 16° secolo
The restless of 16th century was increased by new geographical and scientific discovers which weakened the old models of the world and the universe. In Ptolemy’s view of the universe, the sun and the planets revolved in concentric spheres around a stationary earth. This old order of ideas was weakened by new cultural influences, such as the theories of Nicolaus Copernicus, who set the basis of modern astronomy.
Modello copernicano e Galileo
Copernicus was born in Poland but studied in Italy. He created a new model of the solar system in which the sun was at the centre, with the earth and the other planets moving in a combination of circular movements around it. With the invention of the telescope, Galileo Galilei proved that the earth turns around the sun.
Gerarchia della creazione
The human microcosm could be understood by reference to the macrocosm of all creation. An entire hierarchical system linked the orders of life-from minerals to angels- connecting plants and animals at each level of the chain. First there was the inanimate class: the elements, liquid and metals. Next there was the vegetative class. Then there was the animal class, with man at the top. Finally there were the angels.
Influenza umanista in Inghilterra
England fought to free itself from the Italian influence, which was identified with Rome and the papacy. The new literature was also influenced by the training in classical imitation of a number of Humanist scholars and translators, reaching back to the time of Erasmus of Rotterdam (ca 1469–1536). At the beginning of the century, he had stressed the importance of studying classical literature for the Christian student. The ‘New Learning’, as Humanism was also called, was established in grammar schools all over the country and in the two universities, Oxford and Cambridge. It encouraged confidence in the power of human reason to interpret man and nature, in the value of literature as an instrument of reason and in the dignity of modern English as a literary medium.
Domande da interrogazione
- ¿Cuál fue el impacto de los descubrimientos geográficos y científicos del siglo XVI en la visión del mundo?
- ¿Cómo contribuyó Copérnico al cambio de paradigma en la astronomía?
- ¿Qué papel jugó el Humanismo en la educación y la literatura inglesa del siglo XVI?
Los descubrimientos geográficos y científicos del siglo XVI debilitaron los antiguos modelos del mundo y el universo, como la visión de Ptolomeo, y dieron lugar a nuevas teorías como las de Copérnico, que establecieron las bases de la astronomía moderna.
Copérnico creó un nuevo modelo del sistema solar con el sol en el centro y los planetas, incluida la Tierra, moviéndose en movimientos circulares a su alrededor, desafiando la visión geocéntrica de Ptolomeo.
El Humanismo, conocido como el 'Nuevo Aprendizaje', se estableció en las escuelas de gramática y universidades de Inglaterra, promoviendo la confianza en la razón humana, el valor de la literatura y la dignidad del inglés moderno como medio literario.
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