Concetti Chiave
- James I, the first Stuart king, was chosen by Elizabeth and converted from Catholicism to Protestantism upon becoming king of England and Scotland.
- James I believed in the divine right of kings, a concept not accepted in England due to parliamentary power and existing laws like the Magna Carta.
- Charles I ignored parliamentary authority by imposing taxes unilaterally and imprisoning opposers without trial, leading to significant tension.
- Charles I's appointment of a Catholic archbishop in Scotland led to rebellion, requiring funds and resulting in the summoning and dissolution of parliaments.
- The English Civil War erupted, resulting in Charles I's execution, the royal family's escape, and the establishment of the Commonwealth Republic.
Indice
James I and Charles I
James I succeeded Elizabeth and was the son of Mary Stuart. He was the first Stuart king and was chose by Elizabeth. He was protestant and believed in witchcraft. He belonged to a Catholic family but converted to Protestantism when he became king of England and Scotland under the name of James I.Scottish common people were Calvinist but the aristocracy was Catholic.
During the 30 years war (Catholics against Protestants) he supported Catholics even if he didn't take part in the war.
He hoped that if the Catholics had won he could have restored Catholicism.
He believed in the divine right of kings, Indeed he represented God on earth (as the chain of being established).
This idea of the king (similar to the French one) was dispotical and couldn't be accepted by the English because there was a parliament and the Magna Carta (1215) behind. Also, the English Common law had established that people had to be judged by judges and with witnesses. Since this conception was unacceptable, the power of the king was reduced by the parliament.
Charles I
Charles imposed taxes ignoring the parliament, so he dissolved the parliament (ignoring the Magna Carta) and put the opposers in prison without any legal trials as English common law established. Then he attempted to stop a rebellion against him in Scotland because he had appointed a Catholic archbishop who imposed Catholic rituals to Scots, who were Calvinist.He needed money to sedate the riots and summoned the short parliament to approve a taxation. The parliament agreed but forced him to sign the petition of rights, in which he declared to accept magna carta and English common law. He dissolved the parliament.
Ireland rebelled because it wanted independence from England (Edward I). He needed money to sedate the riots and summoned the long parliament. The parliament split because he wasn't suitable to lead the army in Ireland:
-cavaliers wanted to find an agreement with the king, making him sign the petition of rights;
-roundheads wanted to execute him.
The civil war broke out. In the beginning cavaliers won but eventually roundheads led by Cromwell won. The ramp parliament (12 members) was summoned and the king was executed.
The royal family escaped to France and commonwealth Republic was instituted. The medieval conception of the king ended.
Aristocracy: landowners former middle class members (Magna carta john lackland)
Middle class: merchants who gained the power thanks to the chapters of freedom (Henry iii 1200-1300)
Domande da interrogazione
- Chi era James I e quale fu il suo approccio al potere?
- Quali furono le azioni di Charles I che portarono al conflitto con il parlamento?
- Come reagì il parlamento alle azioni di Charles I?
- Quali furono le conseguenze della guerra civile per la monarchia inglese?
James I era il figlio di Mary Stuart e il primo re della dinastia Stuart, scelto da Elisabetta. Era protestante, credeva nel diritto divino dei re e sperava di restaurare il cattolicesimo, ma il suo potere fu limitato dal parlamento e dalla Magna Carta.
Charles I impose tasse senza il consenso del parlamento, sciolse il parlamento ignorando la Magna Carta, e imprigionò oppositori senza processi legali, portando a tensioni che culminarono nella guerra civile.
Il parlamento costrinse Charles I a firmare la petizione dei diritti, che riaffermava la Magna Carta e il diritto comune inglese, ma alla fine si divise tra cavalieri e teste rotonde, portando alla guerra civile.
La guerra civile portò all'esecuzione di Charles I, alla fuga della famiglia reale in Francia, e all'istituzione della Repubblica del Commonwealth, segnando la fine della concezione medievale del re.
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