Concetti Chiave
- The Celts, originating from eastern Europe, were technologically advanced and known for iron melting techniques, organizing society around kings, warrior aristocracy, and druids.
- Roman influence began with Julius Caesar's expeditions and Claudius's conquest in 43AD, leading to the development of towns, roads, and a legal system.
- The 5th-century invasions by Angles and Saxons from northern Germany introduced a clan-based society, dividing the land into shires and kingdoms.
- Viking invasions started in the late 8th century, eventually leading to settlements and a treaty after being defeated by King Alfred, who established the first English navy.
- William I's reign introduced the feudal system, later replaced by common law under Henry II, with the Magna Carta marking the decline of feudalism and the rise of parliamentary reforms.
Indice
Origini e struttura sociale dei Celti
The Celts came from eastern Europe, were tecnically advanced and knew the tecnique of melting iron. They lived in small villages and their social system was based on the king, the warrior aristocracy and freemen farmers. Their priest were the druids.
Julius Cesar made two short expeditions to Britain and got in touch with them.
Conquista romana e sviluppo
In 43AD the Emperor Claudius conquered Britain with a large army. Roman civilisation soon flourished in Britain: towns were built and roads crossed the countryside. They also brought writing and introduced an advanced legal system. The emperor Hadrian have a wall built, known as Hadrian's wall, to defend the country from the Picts.
Invasioni anglosassoni e organizzazione sociale
In the 5th century Britain was invaded by Angles and Saxons from northern Germany. The new settlers lived in small farming communities; society was organised by clans and there was a strong concept of loyalty. The country was divided into conties called shires and into kingdoms. This fact made it difficult to resist a new wave of invasion.
Vichinghi e resistenza inglese
The Vikings were seafarers and shipbuilders. They began to attack Britain at the end of the 8th century. In the 9th century the Vikings settled in England. They were defeated by king Alfred's army and compelled to make a treaty. King Alfred, known as the Great, built the first english navy and a series of fortified towns called burghs.
Feudalesimo e riforme legali
When the last danish king had died, William became William I. The king organised the government of England on the feudal system, based on loyalty. A knight's estate was called a manor and the people living on it belonged to the knight. Sheep represented the main source of income.
When William died became king Henry II. He organised the judicial system. Now a judge was helped by a jury of twelve men. They applied a common body of customary laws, the Common Law, not based on written rules. Then the constitution of Claredon defined the relationship between church and state. The clerks should be exposed to secular punishment. The king had a controversy with Thomas Becket and he was killed in his cathedral. King John signed the Magna Charta that guaranteed all freemen the right to a fair trial. The english feudalism ends. The nobles make a parliament to start a programme of reforms.
Domande da interrogazione
- ¿Cuál fue el impacto de la conquista romana en Gran Bretaña?
- ¿Cómo influyeron los vikingos en la historia de Inglaterra?
- ¿Qué cambios legales y políticos ocurrieron bajo el reinado de Enrique II?
La conquista romana trajo consigo la civilización romana a Gran Bretaña, donde se construyeron ciudades y se establecieron caminos. También introdujeron la escritura y un sistema legal avanzado.
Los vikingos comenzaron a atacar Gran Bretaña a finales del siglo VIII y se establecieron en Inglaterra en el siglo IX. Fueron derrotados por el ejército del rey Alfredo, quien construyó la primera armada inglesa y una serie de ciudades fortificadas llamadas burghs.
Enrique II organizó el sistema judicial, introduciendo un jurado de doce hombres y aplicando el Common Law. La Constitución de Clarendon definió la relación entre la iglesia y el estado, y el rey tuvo una controversia con Thomas Becket, quien fue asesinado en su catedral.
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