Frutto della Silicon Valley - Tesina per tecnico informatico

Il Frutto della Silicon Valley

Tesina Maturità 2012 Massimiliano Buratta 5ai ITTS A.Volta Page 1

Indice

....................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduzione:.................................................................................................................. 4

Inglese : Storia Steve Jobs.............................................................................................. 4

Early life and education....................................................................................................................4

Early career.......................................................................................................................................5

Apple Computer...............................................................................................................................6

NeXT Computer...............................................................................................................................7

Pixar and Disney...............................................................................................................................7

Return to Apple.................................................................................................................................8

Storia: stati uniti negli anni 60, societa dei consumi →...................................................9

Silicon Valley................................................................................................................... 9

La società dei consumi:....................................................................................................................9

I fattori dello sviluppo......................................................................................................................9

I mutamenti sociali.........................................................................................................................10

L'amministrazione Kennedy...........................................................................................................11

La “grande società” di Johnson......................................................................................................12

L'intervento americano in Vietnam.................................................................................................12

Italiano: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, il manifesto del Futurismo → Discorso Stanford...13

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti............................................................................................................13

La Vita........................................................................................................................................13

Le Opere.....................................................................................................................................13

Manifesto del Futurismo.................................................................................................................14

Discorso di Stanford.......................................................................................................................15

Calcolo e probabilità statistiche: Probelma delle scorte → Presentazione prodotti,

pubblicità...................................................................................................................... 18

Elettronica : Retina Display........................................................................................... 20

Informatica: Sicurezza → Crittografia............................................................................21

Descrizione.....................................................................................................................................22

Generazione delle chiavi................................................................................................................23

Criptaggio.......................................................................................................................................23

Decriptaggio...................................................................................................................................23

Sistemi Informatici: Server e Storage → iCloud.............................................................24

Descrizione ....................................................................................................................................24

Architettura client-server o N-tier .................................................................................................24

Caratteristiche ................................................................................................................................25

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Funzionamento ..............................................................................................................................25

Affidabilità e sicurezza...................................................................................................................26

Cluster ............................................................................................................................................26

Servizi e tipologie di server ...........................................................................................................26

iCloud............................................................................................................................................27

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I :

NTRODUZIONE

iPhone e iPod sono stati gli ultimi. Gli ultimi a far mobilitare milioni di persone per soddisfare una

sorta di dipendenza tecnologica.

Le migliaia di persone che hanno dormito fuori dai negozi Apple di tutto il mondo rappresentano

solo la punta di un iceberg: questo fenomeno non è limitato solo alla casa di Steve Jobs, che tuttavia

ne rappresenta l'apice, ed ha attirato l'attenzione di molti sociologi, spingendoli a studiare queste

autentiche tribù di accaniti fedelissimi.

Steve Jobs ha rivoluzionato il mondo dei computers e della telefonia. Di riflesso, le sue innovazioni

tecnologiche e di design hanno cambiato anche il mondo dell’arte contemporanea. Basti pensare ad

esempio ad iMovie, programma di montaggio video che innumerevoli video artisti usano

oggigiorno, anche Ryan Trecartin per la mostra al MoMa di New York ne ha fatto largo uso. Molti

fotografi usano un Mac per i loro ritocchi, come designers e tipografi hanno da diverso tempo

preferito le qualità grafiche di questo potente computer ai suoi diretti concorrenti. Parlando di

pittura, il celebre artista David Hockney ha inaugurato un’ importante mostra di disegni e dipinti

eseguiti interamente tramite iPad e iPhone, tramite l’uso dell’applicazione Brushes. Non sono un

mistero, inoltre, i legami tra Steve Jobs e Picasso. Più di una volta il CEO di Apple ha dimostrato i

suoi apprezzamenti verso il pittore spagnolo, facendolo comparire nel celeberrimo spot Apple

“Think Different“.

I : S S J

NGLESE TORIA TEVE OBS

Early life and education

Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students,

Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, who were both unmarried at the time and

decided to put the baby up for adoption.

The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs and Clara Jobs. His biological mother wanted

Jobs to be adopted only by a college-graduate couple. Schieble learned that Clara Jobs didn't

graduate from college and Paul Jobs only attended high school, but signed final adoption papers

after they promised her that the child would definitely be encouraged and supported to attend

college. Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and

Clara Jobs "were my parents."

The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, Californi when Steve was five years

old. The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made

lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands. The father

showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take

a part and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in

and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.

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Clara was an accountant who learnt him to read before he went to school.

Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary

school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to

study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a

proposal his parents declined.

Jobs then attended Homestead High Scho in Cupertino, California. At Homestead, Jobs became

friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez

introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak also known as "Woz"). In

1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream

Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested. Jobs frequented after-

school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there,

working with Wozniak as a summer employee.

Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed

was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their

life savings on their son’s higher education. Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent

the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy. He continued

auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles

for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, "If

I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had

multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."

Early career

In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California. He traveled to India

in mid-1974 to visit Neem Karoli Baba at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend, Daniel

Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from

Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.

After staying for seven months, Jobs left India and returned to the US, Jobs had changed his

appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing. During this time, Jobs

experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most

important things he had done in his life". He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism.

He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong

appreciation for Zen. Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his

countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.

Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game

Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was

eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board

design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could

minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the

number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.

According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered

$5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350. Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until

ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money,

Wozniak would have given it to him.

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In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had

designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone

network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The

clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind

that electronics could be fun and profitable.

Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975. He greatly

admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation,

and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.

In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer

Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started

off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.

Apple Computer

In 1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple

computer in the garage of Jobs's parents in order to sell it. They received funding from a then-semi-

retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.

In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned

out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as

Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to

come with me and change the world?"

In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's

mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later,

Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.

The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's

annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a

wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that

time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a

deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley.

Sculley learned that Jobs—believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the

company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board

meeting to resolve the matter. Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from

his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division. Jobs resigned from Apple five months later

and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.

In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best

thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the

lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most

creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I

hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."

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NeXT Computer

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was

running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital.

Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.

NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT

workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the

educational sector for which it was designed. The NeXT workstation was known for its technical

strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT

products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative,

experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the

built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer

at CERN.

The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first

"interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its

innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and

video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human

communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters. Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for

aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium

case.This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only

50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release

ofNeXTSTEP/Intel. The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994. In 1996, NeXT

Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT

was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,

MobileMeservices, and the iTunes Store.

Pixar and Disney

In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer

graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as

capital.

The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive

producer, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the

next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A

Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The

Incredibles(2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story

3 (2010).

In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disn