Riassunto esame Lingua e Traduzione Inglese 3, professoressa D'Antonio, libro consigliato "Pragmatics & Discourse"

Pragmatics and discourse analysis

Pragmatics and discourse analysis study language's relation to contextual background features: they both study:

• Context - points of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world --> shared assumptions (between speakers and between speakers and words)
• Discourse - how stretches of language become meaningful and unified for their users (discourse = coherence)
• Cohesion - how words relate to each other within the text
• How the assumption of relevance holds the text together meaningfully (relevance theory)
• Function - purposes in speaking --> goals in interaction (speech act theory)

Discourse analysis emphasizes the structure/organization/exchange structures. Pragmatics focuses on the social principles of discourse.

Co-operative principle (relevant, precise, clear) politeness principle (indirections)

• Context (physical and social world; deals with the meaning of words)
• Situational - immediate physical co-presence, the situation where the interaction is taking place at the moment of speaking. (A picture adds a visible situational context "Thus")
• Background knowledge context (what speakers know about each other and the world)
  • Cultural - general knowledge that people of the same group (values from experiences) share.
  • Mutual - social groups known as communities of practice (shared knowledge acquired through verbal interactions of the past)
• Interpersonal - personal knowledge acquired through verbal interactions of the past
• Co-textual context - what speakers know about what they have been saying is the context of the text (the co-text itself)

Reference - using language to refer to entities in the context, enabling the hearers to identify something.

Referring expressions - linguistic forms to enable the hearers to identify the entity being referred to (referent)

Deixis - words that point to the entity that they refer to (meaning from the context)

• Person - point to a person (we, you, they...)
• Places - point to a location (here, there, that...)
• Time - point to a time (then, now...)

Obliviously

Pragmatics and discourse analysis

Pragmatics and discourse analysis study language's relation to contextual background features: they both study:

• Context points of meaning that can be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world
• Low stretches of language become meaningful and unified forms
• Discourse & use of the langhears words (discourse = coherence)
• Pragmatics = relevance
• Cohesion: how words relate to each other within the text
• Function purposes in speaking = goals in interaction
• Discourse analysis emphasizes the structure/organization/exchange structures.
• Pragmatics focus on the social principles of discourse

Context (physical and social world, deals with the meaning of words)

Situational > immediate physical co-presence

Background knowledge context: what speakers know about each other and the world

Cultural = general knowledge members of the same group (voices)

Interpersonal: reasonably acquired through verbal interactions of the past

Co-textual context: what speakers know about what they have been saying

Reference = using language to refer to entities in the context, enabling the hearer to identify something.

Referring expressions: linguistic forms to enable the hearer to identify the entity being referred to (referent).

Deixis = words that point to the entity that they refer to (meaning from the context)

• Person > point to a person (we, you, they --)
• Places > point to a location (here, there, that --)
• Time > point to a time (then, now --)

Reference

Exophoric reference depends on the context outside the text, the referring expression = is the first mention of the referent.

Intertextuality = external of the background knowledge (cultural, newspaper etc.)

2) Endophoric reference referring within the same text

- Grammatical cohesion: What makes the text together

Referring expressions in cohesive with the previous mention of the referent in the text, when they're linked together within the context

Anaphora - pronouns link back against something that went before

Cataphora - pronoun link forward (e.g. a referent that follows that)

Associative (between endophora and exophora)

Endophora = noun phrases, are not linked explicitly to each other

Presuppositional

Substitution - noun within the text vs