Inglese scientifico (vaccini, sistema respiratorio, abstract, termini tecnici)

Inglese

• Vaccines Tipi pag. 3
• Somministration pag. 6
• Respiratory system pag. 9-10
• Sound of lungs pag. 11
• ARDS e mechanical ventilation pag. 12-14
• NIV pag. 15
• Esercizio – ambiente – fumo pag. 16
• Dialogo dottore – pz pag. 17-18
• Endorphins pag. 19
• Endorphins or endocannabinoids? Pag. 20
• Abstract pag. 21
• Come scriverlo pag. 22
• Template pag. 23-24

Pag. 1

Inglese

Health: salute

Health professionals: professionisti sanitari

3 groups: They work in

Nurse - provide treatment, support and care services → healthcare facilities for people who are in need of nursing care due (strutture sanitarie) to the effects of ageing, injury, illness. As hospital, clinics, physiotherapist - hospices, nursing home - technicians of prevention environmental → care, ambulatory care, and occupational health and hygiene professionals private care, polyclinic, emergency medical service or ASL (local health unit)

Care: prendersi cura

Take care: mi raccomando

Care service: servizi di assistenza

GMP (General medical practitioner): medico di base

Who is a nurse? He is a clinician, leader, innovator, collaborator, advocate

Edge: bordo del tavolo

Border: confine, borderline: al fine di vita

Hope: sperare

Mean: intendere/voler dire non pensavo di disturbarti: I didn’t mean to → disturb you

Think: pensare

Look at: guarda me!

Look for me: cercami

Look after: prendersi cura di

Look forward + to + V.ing: non vedere l’ora di …

Pag. 2

Vaccines

All vaccines Covid 19 being developed aim to produce immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus by stimulating and immune response to an antigen, usually the characteristic spike protein found on the surface of the virus

Whole virus vaccine

Some traditional vaccines achieve this by modifying the virus to weaken or disable it. So when introduced to the body an immune response can be generated to the antigen without the virus causing disease. When the immune system comes into contact with the weakened virus, its defenses such as antibodies and T-cells attack the virus or infected cells. In the process specialized cells take note of the specific antigen and prime the immune system to produce cells and antibodies that will quickly target these proteins. So the next time that person is exposed to the virus the immune system is ready to fight it off

Protein subunit vaccine

Instead of using the whole virus, another way to trigger immunity involves using just fragments of it, like the spike proteins. These subunit vaccines have the advantage of being relatively easy and cheap to produce and are incapable of causing disease because these fragments are not able to infect host cells. However they are less likely to be recognized by immune cells aimed at attaching infected cells, which means they may trigger a weaker immune response.

Because of this, subunit vaccines often include chemical agents called adjuvants which are designed to stimulate a stronger immune response and booster shots may also be required.

Not all vaccines are designed to introduce antigens to the body. Some work by using cells in a patient's body to produce the antigens themselves. Examples include viral vector vaccines and mRNA vaccines.

In both cases the goal is to get a short fragment of genetic code taken from the target pathogen. In this case the SARS-COV-2 virus that causes Covid 19, into the patient's cells, by hijacking the cellular mechanism. These kinds of vaccines mimic the way viruses normally reproduce during natural infection. But rather than creating copies of the virus the cells only produce large amounts of antigen that then usually trigger a strong immune response.

COVID-19 vaccine AstraZeneca viral vector vaccines

Viral vector vaccines achieve this by inserting the genetic code for the antigen into a harmless virus which effectively acts like a delivery system to get the code into the cells without causing disease. Vector-based vaccines can be complex to develop but they can trigger strong immune responses without the need of adjuvants and in theory one type of vector can be used to deliver code for a range of different antigens which can speed up vaccine development.

Nucleic acid vaccine Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2

Nucleic acid vaccine, like mRNA DNA vaccines, also involve inserting genetic code into cells to produce antigens but instead of using viruses to deliver the code these vaccines take a more direct approach that involves inserting the code directly into cells either by attaching it to a molecule or by forcing it into cells by using a "gene gun"

These vaccines can be cheap and quick to develop but they are a relatively new technology

Pag. 3

A mixture of different approaches may be needed

Tutti i vaccini Covid 19 in fase di sviluppo mirano a produrre immunità al virus SARS-CoV-2 stimolando e la risposta immunitaria a un antigene, di solito la caratteristica proteina SPIKE che si trova sulla superficie del virus

Vaccino virus intero

Alcuni vaccini tradizionali ottengono questo risultato modificando il virus per indebolirlo o disabilitarlo. Quindi, quando viene introdotto nel corpo, può essere generata una risposta immunitaria all'antigene senza che il virus causi la malattia. Quando il sistema immunitario entra in contatto con il virus indebolito, le sue difese come gli anticorpi e le cellule T attaccano il virus o le cellule infette. Nel processo le cellule specializzate prendono nota dell'antigene specifico e preparano il sistema immunitario a produrre cellule e anticorpi che prenderanno rapidamente di mira queste proteine. Così la prossima volta che quella persona è esposta al virus, il sistema immunitario è pronto a combatterlo

Vaccino sottounità proteica

Invece di utilizzare l'intero virus, un altro modo per attivare l'immunità consiste nell'utilizzare solo frammenti di esso, come le proteine spike. Questi vaccini a subunità hanno il vantaggio di essere relativamente facili ed economici da produrre e non sono in grado di provocare malattie perché questi frammenti non sono in grado di infettare le cellule ospiti. Tuttavia è meno probabile che vengano riconosciuti dalle cellule immunitarie che mirano ad attaccare le cellule infette, il che significa che possono innescare una risposta immunitaria più debole.

Per questo motivo, i vaccini a subunità spesso includono agenti chimici chiamati adiuvanti che sono progettati per stimolare una risposta immunitaria e un richiamo più forti potrebbero essere necessari anche colpi.

Non tutti i vaccini sono progettati per introdurre antigeni nel corpo. Alcuni lavorano utilizzando le cellule nel corpo di un paziente per produrre gli antigeni stessi. Gli esempi includono vaccini vettoriali virali e vaccini di mRNA.

In entrambi i casi l'obiettivo è ottenere un breve frammento di codice genetico prelevato dal patogeno bersaglio. In questo caso il virus SARS-COV-2 che provoca il Covid 19, nelle cellule del paziente, dirottando il meccanismo cellulare. Questi tipi di vaccini imitano il modo in cui i virus si riproducono normalmente durante l'infezione naturale. Ma invece di creare copie del virus, le cellule producono solo grandi quantità di antigene che di solito innescano una forte risposta immunitaria.

Vaccini virali

(Vaccino COVID-19 AstraZeneca)

I vaccini virali vettoriali ottengono questo risultato inserendo il codice genetico dell'antigene in un virus innocuo che agisce efficacemente come un sistema di rilascio per far entrare il codice nelle cellule senza causare malattie. I vaccini a base di vettore possono essere complessi da sviluppare, ma possono innescare forti risposte immunitarie senza la necessità di adiuvanti e in teoria un tipo di vettore può essere utilizzato per fornire il codice per una gamma di antigeni diversi che possono accelerare lo sviluppo del vaccino.

Pag. 4

Vaccino acido nucleico

I vaccini contro l'acido nucleico, come i vaccini a DNA mRNA (Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2) comportano anche l'inserimento di un codice genetico nelle cellule per produrre antigeni, ma invece di utilizzare i virus per fornire il codice, questi vaccini adottano un approccio più diretto che prevede l'inserimento del codice direttamente nelle cellule attaccandolo a una molecola o forzandola nelle cellule usando una "pistola genetica"

Questi vaccini possono essere economici e rapidi da sviluppare, ma sono una tecnologia relativamente nuova

Potrebbe essere necessaria una combinazione di approcci diversi.

COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca is used to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people from 18 years of age. It has been designed to prepare the immune system to identify and combat the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19.

The vaccine is made up of a chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1 - Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1) that is unable to replicate and that has been modified to contain the genetic information for producing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

The viral vector technology used for this vaccine has already been successfully tested and has been employed in the prevention of other diseases.

Questions

What are the main types of vaccines?

1. Whole virus vaccine, protein subunit vaccine, viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccine

What is a whole virus vaccine?

2. Some traditional vaccines achieve this by modifying the virus to weaken or disable it. So when introduced to the body an immune response can be generated to the antigen without the virus causing disease. When the immune system comes into contact with the weakened virus, its defenses such as antibodies and T-cells attack the virus or infected cells. In the process specialized cells take note of the specific antigen and prime the immune system to produce cells and antibodies that will quickly target these proteins. So the next time that person is exposed to the virus the immune system is ready to fight it off

What is a protein subunit vaccine?

3) Instead of using the whole virus, another way to trigger immunity involves using just fragments of it, like the spike proteins. These subunit vaccines have the advantage of being relatively easy and cheap to produce and are incapable of causing disease because these fragments are not able to infect host cells. However they are less likely to be recognized by immune cells aimed at attaching infected cells, which means they may trigger a weaker immune response. Because of this, subunit vaccines often include chemical agents called adjuvants which are designed to stimulate a stronger immune response and booster shots may also be required.

What are viral vector vaccines and mRNA vaccines?

3) They work by using cells in a patient's body to produce the antigens themselves. The goal is to get a short fragment of genetic code taken from the target pathogen. In this case the SARS-COV-2 virus that causes Covid 19, into the patient's cells, by hijacking the cellular mechanism. These kinds of vaccines mimic the way viruses

Pag. 5

Normally reproduce during natural infection. But rather than creating copies of the virus the cells only produce large amounts of antigen that then usually trigger a

Come somministrare un vaccino

First, a few basic facts about the vaccine Pfizer:

The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine comes as a frozen suspension in a multidose vial, each containing 6 doses of vaccine after dilution.

It is administered in two doses, which are given at a recommended interval of 21 to 28 days. The route of administration is an intramuscular injection in the upper arm.

In clinical studies, the vaccine given in two doses was shown to be 95% effective across all participants, including those at risk of severe COVID-19.

What is different about this vaccine, compared to other routine vaccines?

First of all, it has different cold chain requirements, so it must be thawed before using; the steps of preparation are slightly different; and it can currently be administered to people who are 16 years of age and older, without an upper age limit.

Let us first talk about how to thaw and prepare the vaccine for administration.

During transport and storage, the vaccine will be kept in ultra-cold chain conditions, in temperatures between -60°C to -90°C.

Thawing (toving) - scongelamento

Therefore, before being administered to vaccine recipients, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine needs to be thawed, brought to room temperature, and then diluted. Vials may be thawed by moving them to a vaccine refrigerator, where they will be stored at temperatures between 2° to 8° Celsius. At these temperatures, vials will thaw out in less than 3 hours. Once undiluted vials are in a vaccine refrigerator, and kept between 2° to 8° Celsius, they can stay there safely for up to 5 days.

For more rapid use, vials may also be thawed for 30 minutes at room temperature, up to 30°C. Whatever thawing method is used, you must make sure vials are at room temperature before being diluted. You may keep the undiluted vaccine at room temperature for no more than 2 hours, at the most.

Vials that have been thawed should never be returned to a freezer and refrozen.

While the vials are in storage or in use, minimize any exposure to light. Avoid exposure to direct sun or ultraviolet light.

As you can tell, this undiluted vaccine has very specific storage requirements, and it can only be unfrozen for a limited amount of time.

Pag. 6

That is why it is so important that you plan ahead carefully for its use, so you can avoid any wastage. Only take it out of cold storage if you plan to dilute the vaccine within two hours, and only remove the number of vials you will need for the vaccination session.

Dilution (dailuscion) – diluizione

When the vaccine has reached room temperature, and the vial is not cold to the touch, it is ready to be diluted. First, i