Concetti Chiave
- The Plantagenet dynasty began with a king who was the son of Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou.
- Henry II curtailed baronial power and preferred professional soldiers, introducing the "scutage" tax for knights avoiding military campaigns.
- He advanced justice with reforms like traveling judges, establishing Common law, and implementing trial by jury.
- Common law, an oral tradition, was uniformly applied across England, differing from Europe's Roman Civil Law and Church's Canon Law.
- Henry II sought to diminish Church power through the Constitution of Clarendon, granting the king authority over bishop appointments and civil trials for clergymen.
What are the origins of the Plantagenet dynasty?
He was the first king of Plantagenet dynasty, kings of France and England.
He was the son of Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou.
• He reduced the power of barons and wanted professional soldiers to do this.
• He introduced a tax called “scutage” for all knights who didn’t want to leave their land to take part in military campaigns (campeins).
Henry II solved some problems in the field of justice introducing three important reforms:
- The travelling judges : he sent out judges who gave royal justice travelling round the country and visited each major town every six year. They could control the feudal courts and the lords.
- The Common law : system of justice that was oral and was made up of tradition. It is composed by the law that was administrated during the travel by the judges. That was used everywhere, while in other parts of Europe legal practice was based on the Civil Law of the Roman Empire and on the Canon Law of the Church.
- The trial by jury : this was first applied to cases concerning land, but when the Church sow the folly and impiety of the ordeal, trial by jury was used in criminal cases.
In fact, previously, a typical test was to put a hot iron on the tongue of a man. Whether the mark was still there three days later, the man was guilty.
Reduction of ecclesiastical power
• He wanted to reduce the power of the Church : he introduced the Constitution of Clarendon, according to which the king had authority in choosing the bishops. This Constitution also ruled that clergymen who committed serious crimes were to be tried by a civil court and not by an ecclesiastical.
Domande da interrogazione
- What were the key reforms introduced by Henry II during his reign?
Henry II introduced significant reforms in the justice system, including the use of travelling judges to administer royal justice, the establishment of Common Law, and the implementation of trial by jury, which replaced the ordeal method previously used in criminal cases.
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