Riassunto esame Inglese b2, Prof. Colleoni Marta, libro consigliato Market Leader Intermediate, 3rd edition, Lansford

LINGUA INGLESE B2 - GRAMMATICA

1. Pronouns and Determiners POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE

SUBJECT OBJECT REFLEXIVE

PRONOUN DETERMINER

1ST PERSON S. I ME MINE MY MYSELF

2ND PERSON S. YOU YOURS YOUR YOURSELF

3RD PERSON S.

FEM SHE HER HERS HER HERSELF

MASC HE HIM HIS HIMSELF

NEUT IT ITS ITSELF

1ST PERSON P. WE US OURS OUR OURSELVES

2ND PERSON P. YOU YOURS YOUR YOURSELF

3RD PERSON P. THEY THEM THEIRS THEIR THEMSELVES

IMPERSONAL ONE ONE'S ONESELF

English clauses always have a subject; if there is no other subject, we use:

, to specify where or when something is, a number or amount, something exiting or

➢ THERE

happening.

, to specify times and dates, the weather, the verb be and an -ing form or to-infinitive to

➢ IT

express opinions.

Number can often be pronouns.

RELATIVE MEANING EXAMPLE SENTENCES

PRONOUNS

WHO Relates to people (Subject) The musician who wrote this song is French

WHOM Relates to people (Object) I know the boy whom sits next to you

WHICH Relates to animals and objects this is the cake which Mary made

WHY Refers to reason Do you know the reason why the market is closed today?

WHEN Refers to time The day when the concert takes place is Saturday

WHERE Refers to places This is the house where my son was born

WHOSE Refers to possession The boy whose phone just rang should stand up

THAT Relates to people, animals, and things 12th September is the date that I was born

Relative pronouns can be used in questions. Instead, Reciprocal pronouns are each other and one

another. are:

Indefinite pronouns BODY ONE THING WHERE

SOME Somebody Someone Something Somewhere

ANY Anybody Anyone Anything Anywhere

NO Nobody No one Nothing Nowhere

EVERY Everybody Everyone Everything Everywhere

We can add ’s to an indefinite pronoun to make a possessive; we use else after indefinite pronouns

to refer to other people or things; in negative clauses, we use pronouns with no-, not pronouns with

any-. SINGULAR OR

SINGULAR PLURAL PLURAL

Another Everyone Nothing Both All

Anybody Everything One Few Any

Anyone Little Other Many More

Anything Much Somebody Others Most

Each Neither Someone Several None

Either Nobody Something Some

Everybody No one Such

We use one (singular) and ones (plural): after an adjective, after the, after which in questions.

are a word placed before a noun to provide information such as quantity, ownership,

Determiners

and specificity.

POSSESSIVES QUANTIFIERS DEMONSTRATIVES

my this

with countable nouns with uncountable nouns

your all a little / little that

his each enough these

her few much those

its a few some ORDINALS

our many first

their most second

several third

2. Past tenses

There are 4 Past tenses:

Past Simple, there some forms: affirmative form (no + -ed, to make the past simple),

➢ questions, negatives, exceptions (the verb to be doesn’t use the auxiliary to form questions

or negatives). Use the past simple to describe a finished action in the past. “Used to”

describes habits that people had in the past. “Would” has the seam mean of used to, but it

can’t be used with statics verbs.

Past Continuous, the form is: . It

➢ SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + -ING FORM OF THE VERB

highlights the duration of an action, or it indicates the subject is in the middle of an action.

Past Perfect, the form is: . Past perfect actions always

➢ SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

happen BEFORE Past simple actions.

Past Perfect Continuous, this action took place before a Past simple action, and for a

➢ considerable amount of time.

3. Present Perfect

Present Perfect Simple

➢

It’s used: for actions that happened in the past (the time is not relevant, the action is), for past events

that have an effect in the present, for actions that finished recently (the adverb “just” is usually used,

for actions/states which began in the past and are still happening now, for events which happened

in a specific time and/or that are incomplete at the time of speaking, to talk about personal

experiences. The form is: . This

SUBJECT + PRESENT OF THE VERB “HAVE” + PAST PARTICIPLE

past tense is use with .

still, anymore, yet, and already

Don’t confuse Present Perfect and Past Simple!

Present Perfect Continuous

➢

It’s used: to emphasize the length of time of actions that began in the past and are still happening

NOW, for actions that began in the past and finished at some time but still have an effect NOW, for

repeated actions that began in the past and are still happening NOW, to show criticism or annoyance

in the present. The form is: SUBJECT + PRESENT PERFECT OF THE VERB “TO BE” + PAST

.

PARTICIPLE

4. Future tenses

Future tenses are 4: 2 Present tenses (Present simple and Present continuous) and 1 Gallicism (be

going to):

Present Continuous, it’s used for the future fixed plans (I have already decided and arranged

➢ to do it).

Present Simple, it’s used for future timetables (programmes).

➢ Be going to, it’s used for decision/intentions, loose plans and prediction based on evidence;

➢ the form is: .

BE + GOING + TO +VERB

Will, it’s used for: Future simple, Future continuous, Future perfect, Future perfect

➢ continuous.

5. Modal verbs

TYPE MODAL VERBS EXAMPLES

ABILITY Can, Could David can speak 3 languages.

He could speak fluent French when he was 5.

PERMISSION Can, Could, May Can I sit in that chair please?

Could I open the window?

May I borrow your dictionary?

ADVICE Should You should visit your dentist at twice a year.

You should try to lose weight.

OBLIGATION Must, Have to I must memorize all of these rules about tenses.

You have to take off your shoes before