Appunti dell'esame Thermal and hydraulic machines

Name: Appunti dell'esame Thermal and hydraulic machines
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Appunti integrali dell'esame Thermal and hydraulic machines tenuto dalla professoressa Daniela Misul presi la lezione e completati a casa con grafici, tabelle e disegni; è utilissimo per …

Esame Thermal and hydraulic machines

Facoltà Ingegneria i

Dal corso del Prof. Misul Daniela

Università Politecnico di Torino

A.A. 2022-2023

135 pagine

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Estratto del documento

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines

Thermodynamics Review

Introduction

A fluid machine is a system that converts energy by means of a working fluid.

Motor Machines

Fluid energy ➜ shaft work
(turbine)

Operating Machines

Shaft work ➜ fluid energy
(compressor)

Primary energy sources

Chemical energy (combustion process)
Hydraulic energy (head)
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Renewable sources
Bio-masses (alternative source)
Geothermal energy (hot springs)
Nuclear energy (fission)

Fluid machines classification

Thermal Machines

p ≠ const
Thermal phenomena are relevant

Hydraulic Machines

p = const
Negligible thermal phenomena

Turbomachines

Dynamic actions (flowing fluid)
Negligible heat exchanges

Volumetric Machines

Pressure actions (fixed fluid mass)
Heat exchanges

Fluid machines

Thermal machines Hydraulic machines Operating machines Volumetric compressors Volumetric pumps Motor machines Internal combustion engines Positive displacement motors Turbo-machines Gas and steam turbines Turbopumps and fans Turbo-compressors Hydraulic turbines

Thermal and Hydraulic Machines

Thermodynamics Review

Introduction

A fluid machine is a system that converts energy by means of a working fluid.

Motor Machines

Fluid energy ⇒ shaft work (turbine)

Operating Machines

Shaft work ⇒ fluid energy (compressor)

Primary energy sources

Chemical energy (combustion process)
Hydraulic energy (head)
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Renewable sources
Bio-masses (alternative source)
Geothermal energy (hot springs)
Nuclear energy (fission)

Fluid machines classification

Thermal Machines

p≠const
Thermal phenomena are relevant

Hydraulic Machines

p≈const
Negligible thermal phenomena

Turbomachines

Dynamic actions (flowing fluid)
Negligible heat exchanges

Volumetric Machines

Pressure actions (fixed fluid mass)
Heat exchanges

Fluid machinesThermal machinesHydraulic machinesOperating machinesVolumetric compressorsVolumetric pumpsMotor machinesInternal combustion enginesPositive displacement motorsTurbo-machinesGas and steam turbinesTurbopumps and fansTurbo-compressorsHydraulic turbines

System

Work interaction

mass interaction

heat interaction

Open System

≠ const
(mass interaction might happen)

Closed System

= const
(Fixed mass)

Isolated System

= const
̇ = 0 , ̇ = 0

Properties

Thermodynamic properties are the quantities whose numerical value does not depend on the history of the system, as the system evolves between two different states.

Extensive Properties

V [m³] = V₁ + V₂ + V₃ + V₄

V = Σ Vₐ

V = ∫ᵐₑₘ dV

Intensive Properties

ₐ , ₐ specific volume

Vₐ / mₐ = ₐ

dV = ₑ dm

V = ∫ᵐₑₘ dm = ⋅ m

only for homogeneous systems

State

The state of a system is a condition of it, as described by its properties.

A system is said to be at steady state if none of its properties changes with time.

Process

When any of the properties of a system changes, its state changes and it is said to have undergone a process from an initial to a final state.

Lagrangian vs Eulerian Approach

Lagrangian Approach

Closed system

Eulerian Approach

Open system

Closed Systems

Anteprima

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