Concetti Chiave
- The Iberians, pre-Celtic settlers in Britain, originated from the Iberian Peninsula and thrived during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
- The Celts, arriving between the 7th and 4th century B.C., were advanced artisans and warriors who established themselves over the Iberians.
- Celtic society was organized into tribes and clans, with a social structure comprising farmers and nobles under the rule of a king.
- The Celts practiced paganism, with Druids holding religious, cultural, and judicial authority, but lacked a unified political organization.
- Renowned as fierce warriors, the Celts used tattoos and psychological tactics in battle, influencing Roman military equipment innovations.
The Iberians and the Celts - Historical and social Nackgrounds
The Inberians
About 2000 years B.C. pre-celtic people had already settled in Great Britain. These were called the Iberians. Probably the came from Spain, which was also called the Iberian penisula. They lived during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Physically speaking, they had dark hair and a strong body. They lived in wooden huts (capanne di legno) and were artisans, infact they produced stone (pietra) and metal objects. They were also fermers (agricoltori) and they starter breeding (paticare l’allevamento).
The Celts
Between the 7th and the 4th century B.C., many Germanic ribes moved towards central and south Europe. Some of these ribes settled in the southern, eastern and western part of Great Britain. These were calle the Celts, who imposed themselves on the Iberians and had a more sophisticated culture. Physically sppeaking the Celts were generally fair-haired (biondi), very strong and tall. They were artisans, farmers, fishers and exellent warriors. They worked iron (fetto), silver (argento), gold (oro) and clay (argilla) and they used to decorate their tools (utensili) and armamento (armi). Socially they were organized in ribes and clans and each tribe and a king and it was composed by rwo social classes: the farmers and the nobles.
Calts religious
The Celts were pagans and believed in different gods ( the god of the Sun, the god of the forest, etc…) and the religious, cultural and judicial powers were in the hands (nelle mani) of the Druids.
The Celts never created their own (il proprio) empire (impero), but they spead (si sparsero) all over Europe durino the 300 A.C.. This was due to the fact that (ciò è dovuto al fatto che) the different Celtic ribes didn’t have a strong politica organization, even though (sebbene) they were linked (legati) by the same culture.
In 7th A.C., they reached Rome, they sacked it (la saccheggiarono), but they never were able (non furono mai in grado) to conquer it. In Italy the Celts settled in the Padana Plain and the central part of Italy. They also had contacts with the Etruscans, from who they learnt to work golden objects. The Celts didn’t have their own writing (una propria scrittura) and all the news about them were told by the Greeks and the Romans who called them Gauls.
Celts warriors
The Celts were exellent warriors (guerrieri) and bifore fighting, they used to tatoo their bodies, they used to sing, screma (urlare) and use offensive gestures (gesti offensivi) to frighten (spaventare) their enemies (nemici). They faught with naked bodies (a corpo nudo) for two reasons: to show thei tatoos and to offer themselves totally to their gods. After a victory or a battle, they used to cut the enemie’s heads and hang them on their doors to shoe them to the people.
They also were the inventore of the meral robe (cotta di maglia) and of the scabbard (guaina per la spada), which were used then (poi) by the Romans.
Domande da interrogazione
- Who were the Iberians and what were their main characteristics?
- How did the Celts differ from the Iberians in terms of culture and society?
- What role did the Druids play in Celtic society?
- How did the Celts influence warfare and military equipment?
- What was the extent of the Celts' territorial expansion and their interactions with other cultures?
The Iberians were pre-Celtic people who settled in Great Britain around 2000 B.C. They likely originated from the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain. They lived during the Bronze and Iron Ages, had dark hair, strong bodies, and were artisans and farmers.
The Celts, who settled in Great Britain between the 7th and 4th centuries B.C., had a more sophisticated culture than the Iberians. They were fair-haired, tall, and strong, and were organized into tribes and clans with kings. They were skilled artisans, farmers, fishers, and warriors.
In Celtic society, the Druids held religious, cultural, and judicial powers. The Celts were pagans who believed in various gods, and the Druids were central to their spiritual and societal structure.
The Celts were excellent warriors known for tattooing their bodies and using psychological tactics to intimidate enemies. They invented the metal robe and the scabbard, innovations later adopted by the Romans.
The Celts spread across Europe by 300 A.C. but never formed a strong political empire. They reached Rome and sacked it but couldn't conquer it. In Italy, they settled in the Padana Plain and interacted with the Etruscans, learning to craft golden objects.
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