Lingua e traduzione inglese

Inglese

06/11/17

The text will be considered on a macro and micro level.

Macro level

The communicative frame, the medium, the genre, the communicative context, the purpose.

Micro level

The rhetorical tools constructing stance, reader’s involvement, persuasion, ecc.

Definizioni

Appraisal: the act of examining someone or something in order to judge their qualities, success, or needs.

Stance: a way of thinking about something, especially expressed in a publicly stated opinion.

Letter of editor

I had to write and say what a brilliant magazine Empire is. I was sitting on my bed on the morning of September 1, the first day I had to go back to school, and I was naturally very depressed. I heard the letter box open and the last edition of Empire was lying on the carpet. Even better was the discovery that once hastily torn open, I saw there was an article on The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. My bad mood immediately lifted and I was no longer dreading the return to school. Keep up the good work.

Form of intensification of language, expressions of urge, inversion and frontalisation, amplification to convey enthusiasm.

Constructing an I-centred narrative while also depicting and situating himself/herself within a community affect.

Il naturalmente lo scrivente dà per scontato che dall’altra parte il lettore capisca il suo stato d’animo.

07/11/17

Letter 2

An indefensible position

Just a line to say how severely saddened I’ve been at all the negative reviews of Tomb Raider 2. I feel the whole venture has been a very affectionate homage to the action genre pre-1980, and tonally perfect, paying attention to pacing while also keeping ironic humour at bay. Why, it even ended in a genuinely affecting manner. Oh – and Angelina Jolie is one of the few real movie stars we have, in the old-fashioned sense of the word. You just couldn’t take your eyes off her – totally charming.

[Name of letter-writer], via email

Forms of undertoning + forms of intensification: appreciation.

Ways of feeling

Attitude: the system of meanings construed in the text in terms of emotion, ethics and aesthetics.

Categorie fondamentali che bisogna imparare a reperire nei testi.

• Emotion: una categoria dell’emotion è affect, registra emozioni positive e negative, registering positive and negative feelings.
• Ethics: judgement approva o condanna in termini morali, attitudes towards behaviour, which we admire or criticise, praise or condemn.
• Aesthetics: in termini di apparenza, appreciation evaluations of semiotic and natural phenomena, according to the ways in which they are valued or not in a given field.

Inglese

Affect

Is concerned with registering positive and negative feelings: do we feel happy or sad, confident or anxious, interested or bored?

Ex. So this meant the grieving took place again. The grief came for my younger sister and two brothers whom (dal punto di vista grammaticale è un pronome relativo e anche complemento oggetto della frase. Se è soggetto della frase e pronome relativo si usa who invece di whom) I thought I would never see again. The day I left the Orphanage – that was a very sad day for me. I was very unhappy, and the memories came back. There was nowhere to turn.

Si sente il senso di perdita. Quando c’è forma in ING è un processo. Racconta la storia attraverso le emozioni che ha provato.

Judgement

Deals with attitudes towards behaviour, which we admire or criticise, praise or condemn. Australia’s treatment of Indigenous people, responsible for the negative affect in the previous example is strongly challenged in the following comment from early in the century.

Ex. You have almost exterminated our people, but there are enough of us remaining to expose the humbug of your claim, as white Australians, to be a civilised, progressive, kindly and humane nation. By your cruelty and callousness towards the Aborigines you stand condemned.

Appreciation

Involves evaluations of semiotic and natural phenomena, according to the ways in which they are valued or not in a given field. Si valuta all’interno del proprio canone estetico. Non c’è un giudizio morale, ma di valore.

Ex. Virtually flawless, with impeccable (sinonimo elevato di flawless) regional details, startlingly original characters (personaggi che sono originari in maniera impressionante), and a compelling literary plot (trama letteraria avvincente) that borders on the thriller (che confina con il thriller), Ondaatje’s stunning achievement is to produce an indelible novel of dangerous beauty.

Lettera 1

I had to write (ho dovuto scrivere fa parte dello smorzamento del tono ho letto così tante recensioni che ho scrivere questa recensione) and say what a brilliant magazine is. I was sitting on my bed on the morning of September 1, the first day I had to go back to school, and I was naturally very depressed. I heard the letter box open and the latest edition of was lying on the carpet. Even better was the discovery that once hastily torn open, I saw there was an article on The Lord of the Rings. My bad mood immediately lifted and I was no longer dreading the return to school. Keep up the good work.

Lettera 2

Ha visto tante recensioni negative e vuole dire quello che pensa.

Just a line to say how severely saddened I’ve been at all the negative reviews of Tomb Raider 2. I feel the whole venture has been a very affectionate homage to the action genre pre-1980, and tonally perfect (tono perfetto ed equilibrato), paying attention to pacing (si è prestata attenzione al ritmo) while also keeping ironic humour at bay (umorismo bilanciato). Why, it even ended in a genuinely affecting manner. Oh – and Angelina Jolie is one of the few real movie stars we have, in the old-fashioned sense of the word. You just couldn’t take your eyes off her – totally charming (termine che può essere considerato sia della categoria appreciation sia della categoria affect. Perché è una qualità dell’attrice, ma allo stesso tempo è evidente che registra anche un impatto su di sé dell’attrice).

Cerca di essere oggettivo dicendo “il film è commuovente” (farebbe parte di appreciation) non “io mi sono commosso” (in questo caso farebbe parte della categoria affect).

Inglese

Immigration

Immigration has become one of the most salient topics in the UK public debate. Over the past decade, policymakers and politicians have directed a lot of energy and attention to migration policies, often citing public demand for stronger action to reduce immigration levels or tackle related issues.

L’immigrazione è diventata uno dei temi più salienti del dibattito pubblico britannico. Negli ultimi anni, responsabili politici e politici stessi hanno diretto molta energia e attenzione alle politiche di migrazione, spesso citando la domanda pubblica, un’azione più forte per ridurre i livelli di immigrazione o affrontare le questioni a esso connesse.

Where do the public get their ideas about immigration? One frequently cited source—besides day-to-day contact with immigrants themselves, or what friends and work colleagues might say—is the media. UK media coverage of migration has evolved over the last decade to accommodate an array of profound changes: changing trends in the movement of people; changing governments; changing policies; changing geopolitics; and changing commentators in the debate.

Idee del pubblico sull’immigrazione: una fonte spesso citata, oltre al contatto quotidiano con gli immigrati stessi, o con gli amici e con i colleghi di lavoro, sono i media. La copertura mediatica britannica di migrazione si è evoluta nell’ultimo decennio per accogliere una serie di profondi cambiamenti: la modifica delle tendenze di movimento delle persone; cambiamento dei governi; mutevoli politiche; cambiamenti geopolitici; cambiamento dei commentatori nei dibattiti.

Bisogna vedere quanto formano e quanto informano.

Nell’articolo si vede che i giornalisti cercano di non si concentrano sui pareri differenti, ma hanno forte impronta del giornalista stesso (bisogna sempre capire se il testo informa in modo impersonale o forma in modo personale).

Two articles from the period preceding the Brexit referendum (May 2016). Immigration has been a key topic in the debate for the referendum.

The Telegraph: tipo di giornale considerato più conservatore, più verso destra come orientamento politico.

The Guardian (uno dei giornali più venduti) è quello che esce tutti i giorni. È considerato più progressista e più verso sinistra come orientamento politico; is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian.

15/11/17

Esiste il judgement positivo e negativo.

Il titolo rivela il judgement.

Il dibattito è sull’immigrazione, ma non riguarda la razza.

Vi è un positive judgement.

Il titolo si deve sempre analizzare.

Britain’s immigration debate is not about race – it’s about arithmetic

Titolo si basa sulla morale.

In azzurro judgement.

In rosso affect.

By Tom Harris, The Telegraph [section: news] 31 May 2016.

Imagine (il fatto che il verbo sia immagina porta all’interno di una metafora molto emotiva, che fa appello ai sentimenti del lettore più che sulla sua razionalità. Tutto l’articolo non fa tanto appello al suo buon senso quanto fa questo pezzo iniziale) the government has issued you with a pint glass, which you may fill with whatever liquid you wish. However, the government has also informed you that you may only add your liquid of choice after everyone else in the pub has had a chance to pour their own drinks in. (È collegato con la categoria affect perché quello che viene stimolato nel lettore è una reazione emotiva, parti in rosso pensa che tu possa raggiungere quello che ti spetta).

You ask, reasonably enough, how many other people there are in the pub. How much will they be pouring into my pint glass? Dunno mate, replies the Home Secretary. We’ll just have to wait and see. (La categoria del judgement viene integrata grazie all’avverbio in azzurro, è un tema sociale, non più morale). Linguisticamente c’è una divisione molto chiara tra temi sociali (dalla parte della politica).

Inglese

You had been planning to fill the whole glass with your designer beer of choice, but hey, you’re a reasonable person. So you wait to see how much space you have left after everyone else has added their bit. Perhaps you’re disappointed (esempio di negative affect) when it transpires that instead of being able to add a whole pint of Peroni, you’ll have to make do with a quarter pint, or even a thimble full. (Viene esplicitato il pathos, grande complicità tra scrittore e lettore: la categoria dell’affect serve sempre a questo. Prima c’era solo l’intento di comunicare qualcosa di morale, ora invece si ha un intento persuasivo, empatia).

And then you realise that what’s in your glass tastes bloody awful (si ha un verbo di sensazione tastes) anyway and that the whole metaphor is getting out of control so you ask the barman if he does bottles.

The point being, of course, that if you belong anywhere in the wide spectrum of sensible (si uniscono le categorie, formano il sistema testo; sensible attraversa tutte le categorie, apparentemente la parola appartiene ad affect perché indica una qualità nella quale sono coinvolte le emozioni, ma in verità sensible è sia sensibile che ragionevole cioè non estremista, quindi è moderato) opinion in this country, you will accept that immigration has to be controlled to a degree. Only those on the extremes of both Left and Right believe in either an open door, “come one, come all” approach or a “sorry, we’re full up” sign on the country’s shutters.

And if, as is currently the case, we cannot limit or even anticipate the number of immigrants arriving in the UK from any of the 27 other EU nations, then if limits are to be imposed, they have to be imposed on those coming here from outside the EU.

You see? Arithmetic.

Today’s ORB poll showing a significant narrowing of the gap in the Remain campaign’s lead seems to confirm that ordinary voters are a damned sight more able to use a calculator than many politicians.

This is a matter of great exasperation to most of our elected representatives. Why can’t voters just think the same way that they do and stop raising uncomfortable issues? (Obiettivo principale è rassicurare il lettore sul fatto di non essere razzista se si preoccupa delle problematiche legate all’immigrazione).

The problem is particularly acute for the Labour Party, because it’s Labour’s core vote in housing estates throughout the country where unhappiness about immigration is felt most keenly. Unfortunately, there are few Labour MPs willing to acknowledge that unhappiness.