Concetti Chiave
- EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller, who only needs to make goods available at their premises, with all other costs borne by the buyer.
- FCA, FAS, and FOB involve the seller handing over goods at specified locations, with the buyer responsible for export clearance and additional expenses.
- CFR and CIF require the seller to cover costs and freight to the destination port, with CIF also including insurance.
- CPT and CIP indicate that the seller pays for freight to the destination, with CIP also covering insurance.
- DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, and DDP define delivery terms at various stages of transport, with DDP reflecting the maximum seller obligation, covering all costs to the final destination.
EXW = ex works (franco fabbrica) + exporter’s town
Minimum obligation for the seller. He makes the goods available on his permises. The price includes the costs of the goods only. All other expenses are borne by the buyer.
FCA = free carrier (franco vettore) + named place for the exporter
The seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place.
FAS = free alongside ship (franco sotto bordo) + port of shipment
The seller delivers the goods alongside the ship on the quay. From the loading of the goods onto the ship, all expenses are borne by the buyer, who has to clear the goods for export.
FOB = free on board (franco bordo) + port/airport of shipment
The seller loads the goods on board the ship. The buyer must bear all costs and clear the goods for export.
CFR = cost and freight (costo e nolo) + port/airport of destination
The seller pays the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the port of destination. The seller must clear the goods for export.
CIF = cost insurance and freight (costo assicurazione e nolo) + port/airport of destination
Same as CFR, but insurance is also included in the seller’s responsibility.
CPT = carriage paid to (trasporto pagato fino a ) + place of destination
The seller pays freight for the carriage of the goods to the point of destination.
CIP = carriage and insurance paid to (trasporto e assicurazione pagati fino a) + place of destination
Same as CPT, but insurance is also included in the seller’s responsibility.
DAF = delivered at frontier(reso frontier) + name of the frontier
The seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, at the named place on the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the contract.
DES = delivered ex ship (reso ex ship) + port of destination
The seller makes the goods available to the buyer on board the ship, uncleared for importation at the named port of destination.
DEQ = ex quay (reso banchina) + port of destination
The seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the named port of destination, cleared for importation.
DDU = delivered duty unpaid (reso non sdoganato) + place of destination
The seller delivers the goods to a named place in the country of destination. The buyer clear the goods.
DDP = delivered duty paid (reso sdoganato) + place of destination
Maximum obligation for the seller. He pays for all costs up to final destination.
Need for clear rules
La necessità di stabilire delle regole chiare in merito a quali siano i diritti/doveri e su chi debba accollarsi le diverse spese è sfociata in una serie di sigle, divise in gruppi, ben specifiche:
Gruppo E - (Derivato da ex, partenza):
EXW. Ex Works (località).
Gruppo F - (derivato da Free, trasporto non pagato):
FCA. Free Carrier (località)
FAS. Free Alongside Ship (porto specifico di partenza)
FOB. Free On Board (porto specifico di partenza).
Gruppo C - (derivato da Cost, trasporto pagato in partenza):
CFR. Cost and Freight (porto specifico di arrivo)
CIF. Cost, Insurance and Freight (porto specifico di arrivo)
CPT. Carriage Paid To (punto specifico di arrivo)
CIP. Carriage and Insurance Paid to (punto specifico di arrivo).
Gruppo D - (Derivato da Destination, arrivo):
DAF. Delivered At Frontier (confine specifico)
DES. Delivered Ex Ship (porto specifico)
DEQ. Delivered Ex Quay (porto specifico)
DDU. Delivered Duty Unpaid (località)
DDP. Delivered Duty Paid (località).
Domande da interrogazione
- What is the seller's obligation under the EXW (Ex Works) term?
- How does the FCA (Free Carrier) term define the transfer of goods?
- What distinguishes the CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight) term from the CFR (Cost and Freight) term?
- What are the buyer's responsibilities under the FOB (Free On Board) term?
- What does the DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) term entail for the seller?
Under the EXW term, the seller's minimum obligation is to make the goods available at their premises. The price includes only the cost of the goods, and all other expenses are the buyer's responsibility.
In the FCA term, the seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier named by the buyer at the specified location.
The CIF term includes insurance in the seller's responsibility, in addition to the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the port of destination, unlike the CFR term which does not include insurance.
Under the FOB term, the buyer must bear all costs and clear the goods for export once the seller has loaded the goods on board the ship.
The DDP term represents the maximum obligation for the seller, who must pay for all costs up to the final destination, including duties.
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