Concetti Chiave
- During the civil wars, two factions emerged: royalists, supporting the king and Church of England, and parliamentarians, mainly puritans supporting the parliament.
- Royalists, known as cavaliers, were primarily composed of gentry, nobility, and clergy, whereas parliamentarians, called roundheads, included merchants and middle classes.
- Cromwell's Ironsides, a cavalry regiment, played a pivotal role in the parliamentarians' victory after a seven-year conflict.
- Post-war, the monarchy was abolished, and England was transformed into a republic called the Commonwealth, governed by the house of commons.
- In 1653, Oliver Cromwell was appointed lord protector after dismissing the rump parliament, and his leadership continued until his death in 1659.
Civil war factions
During the civil wars there were 2 parties: the royalists (supporters of the king, church of England and catholic nobility) and the parliamentarians (supporters of the parliament, mainly puritans).
The royalists were called cavaliers and were mostly gentry, nobility andclergy.
Parliamentarians were called roundhead because they cut their hair very short. Merchants and middle classes sided with them.
Cromwell's rise to power
The war lasted 7 years, until Cromwell's formation of a special body, the Ironsides (a cavalry regiment).
Once the parliamentarians had won the war, they executed the king after anunjust trial in 1649 and exiled his son.
After his death, the monarchy and the house of lords were abolished and the country was ruled as a republic, known as "commonwealth".
The country was now governed by the house of commons, which means there was a parliament made up of only one chamber (called the rump*). In 1653 the rump gave the power to Oliver Cromwell. The rump was dismissed the same year and Cromwell became lord protector of England and Ireland (he was offered to became king but refused)
In 1659 Cromwell died and, according to his will, his son Richard took his place. But he wasn't as strong as his father and wasn't supported by the army, so he was forced to resign.
* the small or unimportant part of a group or an organization that remains when most of its members have left.
Domande da interrogazione
- What were the main factions during the civil wars and who did they support?
- How did Oliver Cromwell rise to power during and after the civil wars?
- What happened after Oliver Cromwell's death in terms of leadership?
During the civil wars, there were two main factions: the royalists and the parliamentarians. The royalists, also known as cavaliers, supported the king, the Church of England, and the Catholic nobility, while the parliamentarians, known as roundheads, supported the parliament and were mainly puritans, with merchants and middle classes siding with them.
Oliver Cromwell rose to power by forming a special cavalry regiment called the Ironsides, which helped the parliamentarians win the war. After the execution of the king in 1649, the monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished, and the country was ruled as a republic. In 1653, Cromwell was given power by the Rump Parliament and became Lord Protector of England and Ireland.
After Oliver Cromwell's death in 1659, his son Richard took his place according to Cromwell's will. However, Richard lacked his father's strength and support from the army, leading to his resignation.
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