The Political and Social Evolution of the 19th Century: From Nationalism to Marxism

Affirmation of romanticism

The affirmation of the

Following the culture of the Restoration is full of enzymes and innovations, which find their expression in the literary romanticism (testing of new forms of expression, enhancement of self, awareness of national realities) and in philosophy in German idealism ( consciousness of the conflicting forces with their dialectic determine the historical process; rationality of reality).

As for Italy, the attitude born from the Restoration is slowly changed and then run over by the

Role of the people

Yet "the people", the "vulgar peasant", this failure - or occasional - the protagonist of the Risorgimento, the official culture devoted attention, and the debate on the role of the people and popular education is a very interesting chapter in political and cultural context of the nineteenth century.
Of crucial importance in the European industrial revolution, which radically transforms the structure of society, creates not only new techniques of work but new values ​​(competitiveness competitive, profit) and leads to the emergence of the working class, which will progressively aware of own interest of its role antagonistic to the bourgeoisie.

Theorists of this its historical function were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that by mid-century (The Communist Manifesto is 1848) develop a new vision of history, philosophy, time not only to learn about the world, but also to transform it: Marxism are connected the birth and development of workers' organizations and political movements that have so much in the history of the second half of the century.